Table 5.

Alternative products with potential anticoccidial effect.

Additive	Major component(s)	Doses/concentration	Action mode	Effect	Type of study	Reference
Artemisia (essential oil)	β-thujone: 64%; 1-8 cineol: 18%; p-cymene: 9.6%; sabinene: 7.8%	0.3–20 mg/ml	Induction of oxidative stress	Reduces the number of oocysts	In vitro	(136)
Clove (essential oil)	Eugenol: 72.9%; eugenyl acetate: 5.8%	0.3–20 mg/ml	Unknown	Reduces the number of oocysts	In vitro	(136)
Turmeric combined with saponins and inulin	Curcuma longa, Quillaja saponaria, Cichorium intybus	1,000 (ppm) in feed	Stimulation of the system by inactivation of reactive nitrogenous radicals	Has no significant effect on lesion scoring	In vivo Broiler Research facility	(137)
Oregano (essential oil)	Oreganum vulgare	200 (ppm) in feed	Mucosal immunity stimulation	Has no significant effect on lesion scoring	In vivo Broiler Research facility	(137)
Quillajacea (plant extract)	Quillaja saponaria	1,000 (ppm) in feed	Antiprotozoal activity (It binds to the protein of the membrane of protozoal cells)	Has no significant effect on lesion scoring	In vivo Broiler Research facility	(137)
S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO)	–	20 mM	Inhibits the sporulation process of E. tenella oocysts	Interrupts the sporulation process for 10 h after the initial sporulation; no effect after 12 h	In vitro	(138)
Lespedeza cuneata (plant extract)	Condensed tannins	1–2 and 4% diet supplement	Tannins have anticoccidial activity against the parasite	No significant difference in the number of oocysts	In vivo Broiler Research facility	(139)
Tea tree (essential oil)	Terpinen-4-ol: 40%; gamma-terpinen: 21.4%	0.3–20 mg/ml	Unknown	Reduces the number of oocysts	In vitro	(136)
Thyme (essential oil)	Thymol: 36.6%; p-cimène: 16.5%	0.3–20 mg/ml	Unknown	Reduces the number of oocysts	In vitro	(136)

Modified from Kadykalo et al. (140).