Table 3.
Fatal cases
| Case No | Year | Age | Sex | Co-morbidity | Substance | Supplement name | Adverse event | Cause of death |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 [39] | 2010 | 42 | Male | Diabetes | Creatine (in combination with metformin) | Not specified | Acute renal failure with lactate acidosis | Cardiac arrest |
| 2 [40] | 2012 | 32 | Male | Sickle cell trait | DMAA, caffeine | Not specified | Cardiac arrest | Cardiac arrest |
| 3 [40] | 2012 | 22 | Female | Previously healthy | DMAA, caffeine | Not specified | Cardiac arrest | Cardiac arrest |
| 4 [41] | 2013 | 35 | Male | Previously healthy | Arsenic, anabolic steroid (arsenic contamination found in supplement analysis)* | Performance enhancer (unspecified) | Arsenic poisoning | Multi-organ failure |
| 5 [42] | 2013 | 39 | Male | NR | Caffeine | Caffeine Anhydrous Powder | Cardiac arrest | Cardiac arrest |
| 6 [43] | 2015 | 30 | Female | Previously healthy | DMAA | Jack3D | Cardiac arrest | Cardiac arrest |
*Substances originating from > 1 supplement product
DMAA 1,3-dimethylamylamine, NR not reported