Fig. 2.

To better understand the human exposome, there is a need to measure exposures across both the external and internal exposome. Combining silicone PSDs, biological samples, and untargeted HRMS provides a unified strategy for deep exposome phenotyping that enables systematical measures of environmental exposures and corresponding biological exposures. While most efforts to date have focused on the internal exposome, silicone PSDs are low cost, non-invasive, easy to distribute, and allow measurement of compounds with short biological half-lives. Application of silicone PSDs within longitudinal studies will improve measurement of exposures at different life stages and provides the chemical coverage necessary for characterizing complex mixtures. Integrating external and internal measures of the exposome with other omic layers will allow a functional approach to understanding how environment contributes to disease risk, laying a foundation for the mechanisms underlying environment-related diseases