Table 5.

The results of direct and indirect effects of the SDM model under spatial fixation

Variables	Spatial adjacency weight matrix			Geographic distance weight matrix			Geographic economic distance weight matrix
	Direct effect	Indirect effect	The total effect	Direct effect	Indirect effect	The total effect	Direct effect	Indirect effect	The total effect
Eco	0.0957***	0.0197	0.1154***	0.1127***	− 0.0194	0.0933	0.1083***	− 0.0187	0.0896**
	(3.15)	(0.43)	(2.76)	(3.93)	(− 0.26)	(1.35)	(3.68)	(− 0.39)	(2.43)
rjgdp	− 0.0105*	− 0.0234*	− 0.0339***	− 0.0121**	− 0.0209	− 0.0330*	− 0.0096	− 0.0271**	− 0.0367***
	(− 1.71)	(− 1.75)	(− 2.70)	(− 2.57)	(− 1.13)	(− 1.67)	(− 1.55)	(− 2.16)	(− 2.98)
Labor	− 0.0001*	− 0.0001	− 0.0002*	− 0.0001***	− 0.0002	− 0.0003	− 0.0001**	− 0.0002	− 0.0003*
	(− 1.92)	(− 1.11)	(− 1.85)	(− 2.35)	(− 0.87)	(− 1.14)	(− 2.50)	(− 1.20)	(− 1.67)
City	0.0136	0.0002	0.0139	0.0264*	0.0016	0.0281	0.0033	0.0516	0.0548
	(1.09)	(0.01)	(0.44)	(1.68)	(0.03)	(0.46)	(0.33)	(1.03)	(1.18)
agst	− 0.0373	− 0.2588***	− 0.2960***	− 0.0024	− 0.2808	− 0.2832	0.0068	− 0.2905***	− 0.2837**
	(− 0.58)	(− 2.86)	(− 2.87)	(− 0.03)	(− 1.52)	(− 1.49)	(0.10)	(− 2.88)	(− 2.25)
ENVP	− 0.0001	− 0.0003	− 0.0004	− 0.0001	− 0.0008	− 0.0009	0.0000	− 0.0002	− 0.0003
	(− 0.88)	(− 0.75)	(− 0.85)	(− 1.06)	(− 1. 50)	(− 1.58)	(− 0.63)	(− 1.18)	(− 1.31)
ECOP	0.0036	− 0.0282**	− 0.0246	0.0041	− 0.0538***	− 0.0498**	0.0025	− 0.0324	− 0.0298
	(0.47)	(− 2.04)	(− 1.48)	(0.54)	(− 2.59)	(− 2.06)	(0.36)	(− 1.62)	(− 1.35)
Rho	0.3794***			0.3949***			0.2952***
	9.46			6.35			3.90
sigma2_e	0.0116***			0.0118***			0.0123***
	3.74			3.88			3.89
log-likelihood	514.9778			510.9499			502.4969
	0.1911			0.2047			0.2004
N	651	651	651	651	651	651	651	651	651

^***, ^**, and ^* represent the significance levels of 1%, 5%, and 10%, and the Z-value is in parentheses.