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. 2021 Nov 19;32(1):89–98. doi: 10.1038/s41422-021-00587-6

Fig. 5. A proposed Al-activated malate transport mechanism of AtALMT1.

Fig. 5

Two pairs of Arg residues (R80 and R165) along the ion-conducting pathway are involved in the malate recognition. Under the acidic condition, the Al binds at the extracellular side and is coordinated by three acidic residues (Asp49, Glu156, and Asp160), inducing conformational changes of TM1–2 loop and TM5–6 loop, resulting in the outward movement of Ile53 residues and opening of the extracellular gate. Also see Supplementary information, Video S1.