Fig. 1.

Possible sources for molecular biomarkers with each molecule type categorized depending on the method(s) by which they are most commonly detected. Created using open

source software at Diagrams.net. Different classes of biomarkers are separated based on the method(s) available for detection. Nucleic acid sequencing can be used for DNA, epigenetics by DNA modification, mRNA, post-transcriptional modifications, along with tRNA, snRNA, miRNA, siRNA, and aRNA. Immunoassays can detect epigenetics by histone/chromatin modification, polypeptides, proteins, and post-translational modifications. Mass spectrometry can detect all the biomarkers in immunoassays with the addition of metabolite and lipids. UV detection can also be used for metabolites. Gas chromatography and nuclear magnetic resonance can be used for lipids