TABLE 3.
Probiotics and colon cancer in animal studies.
| Probiotic agent | Probiotic concentration | Duration of the study | Effect (s) | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bifidobacterium longum BAA-999 | 8.992 × 1010 CFU/ml | 16 weeks | Regulated IGF-1, IGF-1R, and IGFBP3 protein expressions | Valadez-Bustos et al. (2019) |
| VSL#3 | 1.5 × 109 CFU | 3 months (5 days weekly) | The level of TNF-α and IL-6 was reduced in colon tissue and tumor load after probiotic intervention | Wang et al. (2018b) |
| VSL#3 | 109 CFU daily | 18 weeks | Altered the microbial composition | Arthur et al. (2013) |
| Lactobacillus plantarum | 1 × 109 CFU/ml | 8 months | Reduced β-galactosidase and β-glucuronidase activities. Besides, reduced the number of total coliforms | Čokášová et al. (2012) |
| Lactobacillus casei strain Shirota | 2.1 × 1010 | 8, 12, and 25 weeks | Significantly inhibited aberrant crypt foci and colon carcinogenesis | Yamazaki et al. (2000) |
| Lactobacillus fermentum and Lactobacillus plantarum | 2 × 108 CFU/g and 2 × 108 CFU/g | 21 days | Decreased the number of crypts in the mice and the activities of β-galactosidase and β-glucuronidase | Asha and Gayathri, (2012) |
| VSL#3 | 1.3 × 106 CFU | 44 days | Protected against carcinogenesis through regulating the IL-6/STAT3 signaling pathway | Do et al. (2016) |
| Saccharomyces boulardii | 3 × 108 CFU/ml and 6 × 108 CFU/ml | 9 weeks | Suppressed HER-2, HER-3, IGF-1R, EGFR-Erk, and EGFR-Akt expression levels and intestinal tumor growth | Chen et al. (2009) |
| Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus | less than 1 × 102 CFU/ml | 5 months | Reduced β-glucuronidase and nitroreductase activity | de Moreno de LeBlanc and Perdigón, (2005) |
| Lactobacillus casei ATCC 393 | 106 CFU | 2 weeks | Showed protective effects against ornithine decarboxylase activities | Irecta-Nájera et al. (2017b) |
| Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG | 1 × 109 lactobacilli/0.1 ml | 18 weeks | Caused decrease in Bcl-2 and K-ras and increase in Bax and p53 expression levels. Promoted Bax-mediated apoptosis in colon carcinogenesis | Sharaf et al. (2018) |
| Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG MTCC #1408, Lactobacillus casei MTCC #1423, and Lactobacillus plantarum MTCC #1407 | 1 × 109 CFU/0.1 ml | 7 weeks | Probiotic administration decreased the activity of β-glucosidase | Verma and Shukla, (2013) |
| Lactobacillus casei BL23 | 5 × 109 CFU/ml | 53 days | Decreased the expression of IL-22 while increased the expression of caspase-7, -9, and Bik | Jacouton et al. (2017) |
| Lactobacillus salivarius ssp. salivarius UCC118 | NA | 16 weeks | Reduced the number of fecal coliform and enterococci levels | O'Mahony et al. (2001) |
| Enterococcus faecium CRL 183 | NA | 42 weeks | Increased the immune response by promoting the expression of NO, IL-4, IFN-γ, and TNF-α | Sivieri et al. (2008) |
| Lactobacillus acidophilus LaVK2 and Bifidobacterium bifidum BbVK3 | 2 × 109 CFU/g of each strain (20 g) | 32 weeks | Probiotics decreased the pre-neoplastic lesions and PCNA expression level | Mohania et al. (2014) |
| VSL#3 | 333 × 109 CFU/g | 115 days | Promoted angiostatin, VDR, and alkaline sphingomyelinase expression | Appleyard et al. (2011) |
| Bifidobacterium longum, Lactobacillus acidophilus, and Enterococcus faecalis | 1 × 107 CFU of each | 9 weeks | Alleviated colitis through regulating CXCR2 signaling | Song et al. (2018) |
| Enterococcus faecalis KH2 | 17 mg/kg | 2 weeks | Modulated the activity of the NLRP3 inflammasome and ameliorated colitis-associated colorectal cancer | Chung et al. (2019b) |
| B. bifidum (Bla/016P/M) and Lactobacillus acidophilus | 1 × 109 CFU/g of each strain | 10 days before tumor induction and 5 months after it | IFN-γ and IL-10 serum levels and the number of CD4+ and CD8+ cells were decreased after probiotic administration | Agah et al. (2019b) |
| Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, and Bifidobacterium bifidum | 0.6 × 106 CFU of each strain | 1 week | Reduced the expression of RANTES, eotaxin, p-IKK, and TNF-α while increased IL-10 expression | Mendes et al. (2018) |
| Lactobacillus salivarius Ren | 5×108 and 1 × 1010 CFU/kg | 2 weeks | Prevented carcinogenesis by regulating the intestinal microflora | Zhu et al. (2014) |
| Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG CGMCC 1.2134 | 1 × 109 CFU/1 ml | 25 weeks | β-catenin, Bcl-2, NFkB-p65, COX-2, and TNF-α expression levels were decreased after probiotic intervention | Gamallat et al. (2016) |
| Lactobacillus plantarum AS1 | 109 CFU/ml | 26 weeks | Had antioxidant-induced prevention of colon carcinogenesis | Kumar et al. (2012) |
| Lactobacillus casei Zhang | 4 × 109 CFU | NA | Suppressed tumorigenesis through modulating various adiponectin-elevated signaling pathways | Zhang et al. (2017) |
| Lactobacillus casei BL23 and Lactococcus lactis MG1363 | 1 ± 0.4 × 109 CFU/mouse | 6 months | Along with the modulation of regulatory T-cells, promoted the expression of IL-6, IL-17, IL-10, and TGF-β | Lenoir et al. (2016) |
| Bacillus subtilis-SKm (KFCC11520P) and Lactococcus lactis-GAm (KFCC11510P) | 106 CFU/g of Bacillus subtilis-SKm and 106 CFU/g of Lactococcus lactis-GAm | 4 weeks | Probiotics decreased the expression of iNOS, COX-2, and Bcl-2 while increased Bax, p21, and p53 expression levels | Jeong et al. (2012) |
| VSL#3 | 333 × 109 CFU/g | 2 weeks | Reduced the expression of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and COX-2 while increased IL-10 expression | Talero et al. (2015) |
| Propionibacterium freudenreichii TL133 | 2 × 1010 CFU/ml | 18 days | Increased the induction of apoptosis | Lan et al. (2008) |
| VSL#3 | 1.2 × 109 bacteria per day | 32 days | Increased the expression of TNF-α, angiostatin, IL-17, and PPAR-γ | Bassaganya-Riera et al. (2012) |
| Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis and both of them | 5 × 107 CFU/g and 5 × 107 CFU/g and both strains (2.5 × 107 CFU/g for each strain) | 10 weeks | Increased the expression of caspase-3 and decreased the expression of Bcl-2 | Lin et al. (2019) |
| Lactobacillus acidophilus | 1010 CFU/ml | 12 weeks | Adenomas have been reported to be decreased after probiotic administration | Urbanska et al. (2009) |
| Streptococcus thermophilus CRL807 and Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus CRL864 | NA | 5 days | Prevented colitis and carcinogenesis via modulating anti-inflammatory responses | Del Carmen et al. (2016) |
| Lactobacillus plantarum (AdF10) and Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) | 1 × 1010 CFU | 16 weeks | Regulated COX-2 expression | Walia et al. (2015) |
| VSL#3 | 1.3×106 bacteria | 8 weeks | Diminished the severity of colitis and tumor growth | Chung et al. (2017) |
| Lactobacillus acidophilus | 2 × 108 CFU/ml | 1 month | Attenuated COX‐2, iNOS, and c‐Myc expression levels | Deol et al. (2018) |
| Lactobacillus plantarum (AdF10) and Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) | 1010 CFU/ml | 16 weeks | Had chemopreventive effects | Walia et al. (2018) |
| Lactobacillus acidophilus CL1285, Lactobacillus casei LBC80R, and Lactobacillus rhamnosus CLR2 | At least 50 × 109 CFU/g of strains | 12 weeks | Decreased the activity of β-glucosidase and β-glucuronidase along with the reduction in aberrant crypt foci counts | Desrouillères et al. (2015) |
| Lactobacillus plantarum A and Lactobacillus rhamnosus b | 1 × 108 CFU for 14 consecutive days, then 1 × 109 CFU for 3 weeks | 5 weeks | Increased production of IFN-γ and promoted Th1-type CD4+ T differentiation | Hu et al. (2015a) |
| Streptococcus thermophilus CRL807, Streptococcus thermophilus CRL807, Streptococcus thermophilus CRL807, Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris MG1363, Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris MG1363, and Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris MG1363 | 1 × 1010 CFU/ml | 6 months | Exerted anti-tumorigenic properties via increasing antioxidant enzymes and IL-10 expression level | Del Carmen et al. (2017) |
| Lactobacillus acidophilus (NCK 2025) | 5 × 108 CFU | 4 weeks | Regulated inflammation and prevented colonic polyposis | Khazaie et al. (2012) |
| Lactobacillus acidophilus (Delvo Pro LA-1), Lactobacillus rhamnosus (GG), Bifidobacterium animalis (CSCC 1941), and Streptococcus thermophilus (DD145) | 1010 CFU/g | 4 weeks | Suppressed DMH-induced colon cancer in rats | McIntosh et al. (1999) |
| Bifidobacterium longum | NA | NA | Exerted anti-proliferative and anti-oxidative properties | Allen et al. (2015) |
| Bifidobacterium adolescentis SPM0212 | 1 × 108 CFU | 3 weeks | Inhibited activity of harmful enzymes and proliferation | Kim et al. (2008) |
IGF-1, insulin-like growth factor 1; IGF-1R, insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor; IGFBP3, insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 3; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor alpha; IL-6, interleukin 6; STAT3, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3; HER-2, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2; HER-3, human epidermal growth factor receptor 3; EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor; Bcl-2, B-cell lymphoma 2; Bax, Bcl-2–ssociated X; IL-22, interleukin 22; Bik, Bcl-2–interacting killer; IL-4, interleukin 4; IFN-γ, interferon gamma; PCNA, proliferating cell nuclear antigen; CXCR2, CXC chemokine receptor 2; NLRP3, NLR family pyrin domain–containing 3; RANTES, regulated upon activation, normal T cell expressed, and presumably secreted; IL-10, interleukin 10; NF-κB, nuclear factor kappa B; COX-2, cyclooxygenase 2; IL-17, interleukin 17; TGF-β, transforming growth factor beta; iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase; IL-1β, interleukin 1 beta; PPAR-γ, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma.