Table 1.
Comparison of sarcopenia-related factors between MG and EG (cross-sectional study 1).
| All | All participants | Healthy (n = 145) | Obesity (n = 37) |
Participants(n = 37) requiring support (n = 37) |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MG (n = 76) | EG (n = 143) | MG (n = 54) | EG (n = 91) | MG (n = 13) | EG (n = 24) | MG (n = 9) | EG (n = 28) | |
| Muscle mass (kg) | 21.35 ± 0.49 | 20.75 ± 0.35 | 21.13 ± 0.58 | 20.04 ± 0.38 | 22.72 ± 1.25 | 24.25 ± 0.96 | 20.71 ± 1.42 | 20.05 ± 0.78 |
| Muscle mass (kg/BW) | 0.38 ± 0.01 | 0.37 ± 0.00 | 0.39 ± 0.01 | 0.38 ± 0.00 | 0.34 ± 0.01 | 0.36 ± 0.01 | 0.35 ± 0.02 | 0.34 ± 0.01 |
| SMI (kg/m2) | 8.53 ± 0.12 | 8.39 ± 0.09 | 8.35 ± 0.12# | 8.05 ± 0.09 | 9.08 ± 0.31 | 9.53 ± 0.19 | 8.84 ± 0.35 | 8.52 ± 0.21 |
| Hand grip (kg) | 25.88 ± 0.86# | 24.10 ± 0.65 | 26.17 ± 1.03# | 23.65 ± 0.73 | 27.03 ± 1.76 | 28.40 ± 1.79 | 22.46 ± 2.80 | 21.84 ± 1.52 |
| Hand grip (kg/BW) | 0.46 ± 0.01 | 0.42 ± 0.01 | 0.48 ± 0.02# | 0.44 ± 0.01 | 0.41 ± 0.02 | 0.42 ± 0.02 | 0.38 ± 0.04 | 0.37 ± 0.02 |
| Gait speed (m/s) | 1.42 ± 0.03 | 1.35 ± 0.02 | 1.48 ± 0.03 | 1.44 ± 0.02 | 1.40 ± 0.05 | 1.39 ± 0.04 | 1.07 ± 0.07 | 1.03 ± 0.05 |
| Male | MG (n = 26) | EG (n = 43) | MG (n = 18) | EG (n = 23) | MG (n = 4) | EG (n = 12) | MG (n = 4) | EG (n = 8) |
| Muscle mass (kg) | 25.72 ± 0.66 | 25.76 ± 0.53 | 25.44 ± 0.83 | 25.06 ± 0.64 | 28.18 ± 1.29 | 27.87 ± 1.12 | 24.50 ± 1.47 | 24.61 ± 1.10 |
| Muscle mass (kg/BW) | 0.42 ± 0.01 | 0.40 ± 0.00 | 0.43 ± 0.01 | 0.42 ± 0.01 | 0.38 ± 0.01 | 0.39 ± 0.01 | 0.39 ± 0.01 | 0.39 ± 0.01 |
| SMI (kg/m2) | 9.34 ± 0.19 | 9.55 ± 0.13 | 9.10 ± 0.20 | 9.25 ± 0.13 | 10.26 ± 0.57 | 10.27 ± 0.20 | 9.52 ± 0.53 | 9.32 ± 0.41 |
| Hand grip (kg) | 32.92 ± 1.42 | 33.36 ± 0.91 | 33.65 ± 1.65 | 33.05 ± 1.18 | 34.58 ± 2.28 | 36.32 ± 1.19 | 27.96 ± 4.98 | 29.84 ± 2.65 |
| Hand grip (kg/BW) | 0.54 ± 0.03 | 0.52 ± 0.01 | 0.57 ± 0.03 | 0.55 ± 0.02 | 0.47 ± 0.02 | 0.51 ± 0.02 | 0.44 ± 0.07 | 0.47 ± 0.04 |
| Gait speed (m/s) | 1.41 ± 0.05 | 1.34 ± 0.04 | 1.46 ± 0.07 | 1.43 ± 0.05 | 1.36 ± 0.11 | 1.34 ± 0.06 | 1.22 ± 0.10 | 1.08 ± 0.09 |
| Female | MG (n = 50) | EG (n = 100) | MG (n = 36) | EG (n = 68) | MG (n = 9) | EG (n = 12) | MG (n = 5) | EG (n = 20) |
| Muscle mass (kg) | 19.08 ± 0.37 | 18.59 ± 0.21 | 18.97 ± 0.45 | 18.34 ± 0.21 | 20.3 ± 0.84 | 20.63 ± 0.46 | 17.68 ± 0.87 | 18.23 ± 0.66 |
| Muscle mass (kg/BW) | 0.36 ± 0.01 | 0.35 ± 0.00 | 0.37 ± 0.00 | 0.36 ± 0.00 | 0.33 ± 0.01 | 0.33 ± 0.01 | 0.32 ± 0.02 | 0.33 ± 0.01 |
| SMI (kg/m2) | 8.11 ± 0.10 | 7.90 ± 0.07 | 7.97 ± 0.12** | 7.65 ± 0.06 | 8.56 ± 0.22 | 8.79 ± 0.10 | 8.30 ± 0.34 | 8.20 ± 0.20 |
| Hand grip (kg) | 22.21 ± 0.63** | 20.11 ± 0.41 | 22.43 ± 0.76* | 20.48 ± 0.45 | 23.67 ± 1.13* | 20.49 ± 0.80 | 18.06 ± 1.55 | 18.64 ± 1.30 |
| Hand grip (kg/BW) | 0.42 ± 0.01* | 0.38 ± 0.01 | 0.44 ± 0.01 | 0.41 ± 0.01 | 0.38 ± 0.02** | 0.33 ± 0.01 | 0.34 ± 0.05 | 0.33 ± 0.02 |
| Gait speed (m/s) | 1.43 ± 0.03 | 1.36 ± 0.03 | 1.50 ± 0.03 | 1.44 ± 0.02 | 1.43 ± 0.05 | 1.43 ± 0.06 | 0.98 ± 0.07 | 1.01 ± 0.06 |
Values are expressed as mean and standard errors.
*
P < 0.05,
**
P < 0.01 compared to EG (t-test).
#
P < 0.05 compared to EG (Mann-Whitney). MG, Morning Group; EG, Evening Group; BW, Body Weight; SMI, Skeletal Muscle Index.