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. 2022 Jan 4;23(3):579–599. doi: 10.1007/s11154-021-09705-6

Fig. 4.

Fig. 4

Impacts of SARS-CoV-2 infection on human biological systems and proposed favorable effects of vitamin D on pathogenic processes involved in COVID-19. ARDS, acute respiratory distress syndrome; COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019; RAAS, renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system; SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; Th1, type 1 helper T cell; Th2, type 2 helper T cell; Th17, type 17 helper T cell; Treg, regulatory T cell