Table 2.

PD simulation results

	Typical PD trial estimand		Alternative treatment policy estimand
	PBO	Experimental	PBO	Experimental
Primary endpoint OFF-time (hours), n	250	250	250	250
Mean (SE)	5.28 (0.10)	4.14 (0.10)	4.90 (0.08)	4.03 (0.08)
Mean difference (SE) experimental vs PBO	−1.14 (0.14)		−0.87 (0.12)
95% CI	(−1.43 to –0.86)		(−1.11 to –0.64)
P value	<0.001		<0.001

CI, confidence interval; n, sample size; PBO, placebo; PD, Parkinson’s disease; SE, standard error.