Table 2.

Participant characteristics

Participants N=20	Hospital site 1	Hospital site 2	Hospital site 3
	6 (30%)	7 (35%)	7 (35%)
Nationality	Saudi	Non-Saudi
	15 (75%)	5 (25%)
Gender	Male	Female
	17 (85%)	3 (15%)
Age	30–40 years	41–50 years	Older than 50 years
	9 (45%)	7 (35%)	4 (20%)
Educational level	Bachelor	Master	Fellowship/PhD
	9 (45%)	5 (25%)	6 (30%)

The managers interviewed in this research came from different managerial levels—top, middle and front-line managers—and different work areas. These included hospital administration, medical, nursing, pharmacy, operation theatre, quality, infection prevention and control and patient affairs.