Fig. 5.

Involvement of AMPK and PI3K/Akt pathway on the anti-oxidative effects of L-BAIBA. (A) Gene expression of MRGPRD, a known receptor of BAIBA, in PC12 cells and DRG. PCR products were observed by agarose gel electrophoresis with ethidium bromide staining. (B) mRNA expression of MRGPRD was analyzed by Real-time quantitative PCR. The relative quantity was calculated by the ΔΔCt method using β2 microglobulin as the endogenous control. (C and D) AMPK and Akt inhibitors reversed the anti-oxidative effects of L-BAIBA.PC12 cells were treated with the inhibitors; LY294002-a PI3K inhibitor, compound C-an AMPK inhibitor, and MU6840-a receptor agonist for MRGPRD, for 30 min before treatment with L-BAIBA (100 μM). Comparative analysis of ROS production (C) and Annexin V–FITC-positive cells (D) in various experimental groups. * p < 0.05. n = 3–4.