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. 2022 Jan 4;20:4. doi: 10.1186/s12951-021-01181-z

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 8 — Nanomedicine-enabled tumor synergistic starvation/chemotherapy based on Gox-mediated glucose glycolysis. a Schematic diagram of the synthesis and use of TG-GV for combination chemo/starvation therapy. b TEM image of TG-GVs. c The release curves of TPZ from TG-GVs solutions with or no glucose addition. d The cell viabilities of 4T1 cells after undergoing various treatments for 24 h. e The recorded tumor volume change in different groups during the treatments. f Schematic of in vivo working mechanism of A/Q4N/GOx@ZIF-8@CM. g, h TEM images of AQ4N/GOx@ZIF-8 and AQ4N/GOx@ZIF-8@CM. i CLSM images of HepG2 cells stained with oxidative stress/hypoxia detection probe after treated by different conditions. Scale bar, 20 μm. j, k Viabilities of LO2 and HepG2 cells after various treatments. l The photographs of tumors tissues. m HIF-1α, VEGF immunohistochemical, and H&E staining images of tumor tissues