Table 2.
ICI combination therapy with OVs and other types of cancer vaccines
| Tumor | Target IC | Agent (s) | Result (s) | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Glioma |
CTLA-4 PD-1 |
IL-12-oHSV | Induction M1macrophage and T effector (CD4 + and CD8 + T cells) function along with suppression of Treg | [198, 254] |
| Melanoma |
CTLA-4 PD-1 |
PLG | Promotion of CTL activity and inducing tumor regression | [255] |
|
Rectal cancer Osteosarcoma |
PD-1 | hTERT-oAd | Hindrance of tumor regression by recruitment of CTLs | [256] |
| Breast cancer |
PD-1 CTLA-4 |
sTGFβRIIFc-oAd | Abrogation of tumor development and lung and liver metastases | [257] |
| HER-2 positive tumors |
PD-1 PD-L1 |
HER-2 B-cell peptide vaccine | Robust abrogation in tumor growth | [31] |
| Melanoma | PD-L1 CTLA-4 | CSC-DC | Enhancing T cell proliferation, suppressing TGF-β secretion, promoting IFN-γ secretion, and finally triggering specific CD8 + T cell response against CSCs | [185] |
|
Lung cancer Breast cancer Melanoma Lymphoma |
PD-1 PD-L1 CTLA-4 |
GM-CSF-oHSV | Tumor regression and also stimulation of immunological memory | [257] |
| Melanoma | PD-1 | T-VEC | Hindrance of tumor growth by enhancing the infiltration of CTLs, reducing intratumoral Tregs, and activation of Th1 in the TME | [258] |
| Melanoma |
CTLA-4 PD-1 |
Ovalbumin | Delay in tumor growth and extended OS rate of mice by increased intratumoral CD8 + infiltration | [259] |
| Glioma | PD-1 | ZIKV | Better OS rate of treated mice | [260] |
| Rhabdomyosarcoma | PD-1 | oHSV | Improving T effector (CD4 + and CD8 + T cells) function along with suppression of Treg | [261] |
| Melanoma | PD-L1 | oHSV | Improving IFNγ-producing CD8 + TILs activities, and promoted OS rate | [262] |
| Melanoma | PD-1 | Archaeosome-OVA | Robust tumor recession | [263] |
| Glioma | PD-1 | EGFR- MV | Recruitment and infiltration of TILs into the brains of treated mice, and also improved OS rate | [197] |
| Lung cancer | PD-1 | oAd | Reserve of tumor cell development mediated by activation of CTL | [196] |
| Lung cancer | PD-L1 | Lm-LLO-E6 | Stimulation of prolonged OS rate | [264] |
| Melanoma |
PD-1 PD-L1 CTLA-4 |
CD40L- oAd | Boosting the systemic level of tumor-specific CD8 + T cells, and also augmentation of the ratio of intratumoral CD8 + T cells to Treg | [194] |
| Glioma | PD-L1 | CD40L- oAd | Reserve of tumor growth accompanied with increased OS rate | [265] |
| Prostate cancer | PD-1 | oAd | Stimulation of antigen-specific CD8 + T-cell responses | [266] |
| Oral cancer | CTLA-4 | HPV E6/E7 peptide | Promoted intratumoral levels of CD8 T cells concomitant with reduced MDSCs and Treg | [267] |
| Melanoma | PD-1 | Reovirus | Activation of and CTL along with abridged Treg activity | [268] |
| Glioma | PD-1 | Reovirus | Promoting the expression of IFN-regulated gene expression | [269] |
| Melanoma | PD-1 | oAd | Abrogated tumor growth accompanied with improved OS rate | [270] |
| Melanoma | PD-1 | FlaB-Vax | Significant rise in tumor-infiltrating effector memory CD8 + T cells and systemic IFNγ levels | [192] |
| Melanoma |
PD-1 CTLA-4 |
Ovalbumin | Induction of CD8 + T cells activities associated with enhanced eliminated tumor cells | [271] |
| Melanoma | PD-L1 | MV | Stimulation of tumor regression | [272] |
| Prostate cancer | PD-1 | VLP | Reduced tumor burden by activating CTLs | [273] |
ICI immune checkpoint inhibitor, PD-1 programmed cell death protein 1, PD-L1 programmed death-ligand 1, CTLA-4 cytotoxic-T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4, CTLs cytotoxic T cells, IFN interferon, Tregs regulatory T cells, TME tumor microenvironment, TILs tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, APC antigen-presenting cell, MDSC myeloid-derived suppressor cells, OS overall survival, TGF-β transforming growth factor, DC dendritic cell, CSC cancer stem cell, oHSV oncolytic herpes simplex virus, oAd oncolytic adenovirus, MV measles virus, VSV Vesicular Stomatitis Virus, ZIKV Zika virus, FlaB-Vax Flagellin-adjuvanted tumor-specific peptide vaccination, HER2 human epidermal growth factor receptor 2, VLP virus-like particles, HPV human papillomavirus, EGFR epidermal growth factor receptor, hTERT human telomerase reverse transcriptase, TGFβRIIFc transforming growth factor-beta receptor 2 fused with Fc protein, GM-CSF Granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor