Table 2.
Fatty acid-related metabolites identified by lineal modeling to be associated with cognitive decline, ApoE-ε4 genotype and sex
| Whole study population | ApoE-ε4 stratification | Sex stratification | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CD vs. CTL | CDε4+ vs. CTLε4+ | CDε4- vs. CTLε4- | CTLε4+ vs. CTLε4- | CDε4+ vs. CDε4- | CDF vs. CTLF | CDM vs. CTLM | CTLF vs. CTLM | CDF vs. CDM | |
| Free fatty acids | |||||||||
| Myristic acid | 1.38 (3.1·10-2) | 1.05 (NS) | 1.39 (6.0·10-2) | 1.12 (NS) | 1.08 (NS) | 1.53 (3.3·10-2) | 1.13 (NS) | 1.49 (NS) | 2.03 (1.3·10-2) |
| Palmitic acid | 1.09 (NS) | 0.50 (5.3·10-2) | 1.27 (NS) | 2.22 (3.9·10-3) | 0.87 (NS) | 1.16 (NS) | 0.97 (NS) | 0.90 (NS) | 1.07 (NS) |
| Palmitoleic acid | 1.14 (NS) | 0.60 (NS) | 1.29 (NS) | 2.08 (1.1·10-2) | 0.96 (NS) | 1.22 (NS) | 1.00 (NS) | 1.25 (NS) | 1.51 (6.4·10-2) |
| Margaric acid | 1.13 (NS) | 0.81 (NS) | 1.21 (NS) | 1.56 (NS) | 1.05 (NS) | 1.18 (NS) | 1.05 (NS) | 0.97 (NS) | 1.08 (NS) |
| Stearic acid | 1.03 (NS) |
0.39 (5.5·10-3) |
1.25 (NS) | 2.47 (1.7·10-3) | 0.78 (NS) | 1.07 (NS) | 0.96 (NS) | 0.88 (NS) | 0.98 (NS) |
| Oleic acid | 1.19 (NS) | 0.50 (7.8·10-2) | 1.41 (2.2·10-2) | 2.28 (2.3·10-3) | 0.80 (NS) | 1.26 (NS) | 1.06 (NS) | 0.99 (NS) | 1.18 (NS) |
| Linoleic acid | 1.22 (9.7·10-2) | 0.78 (NS) | 1.25 (2.2·10-2) | 1.62 (4.4·10-2) | 0.94 (NS) | 1.29 (6.1·10-2) | 1.10 (NS) | 0.86 (NS) | 1.01 (NS) |
| Linolenic acid | 1.12 (NS) | 0.65 (NS) | 1.25 (6.7·10-2) | 1.74 (9.0·10-3) | 0.91 (NS) | 1.26 (7.8·10-2) | 0.89 (NS) | 0.93 (NS) | 1.32 (NS) |
| Arachidonic acid | 1.05 (NS) | 0.60 (NS) | 1.18 (NS) | 1.87 (6.0·10-3) | 0.95 (NS) | 1.15 (NS) | 0.89 (NS) | 0.78 (8.2·10-2) | 1.01 (NS) |
| Eicosapentaenoic acid | 0.99 (NS) | 0.68 (7.8·10-2) | 1.07 (NS) | 1.43 (3.9·10-2) | 0.91 (NS) | 1.08 (NS) | 0.84 (NS) | 0.80 (NS) | 1.03 (NS) |
| Docosatetraenoic acid | 1.18 (9.7·10-2) | 0.73 (NS) | 1.30 (1.2·10-2) | 1.76 (1.7·10-3) | 0.99 (NS) | 1.31 (3.3·10-2) | 0.97 (NS) | 0.81 (8.2·10-2) | 1.10 (NS) |
| Docosapentaenoic acid | 1.26 (NS) | 0.75 (NS) | 1.39 (3.4·10-2) | 1.86 (1.7·10-2) | 1.01 (NS) | 1.38 (3.9·10-2) | 1.04 (NS) | 0.80 (NS) | 1.06 (NS) |
| Docosahexaenoic acid | 1.09 (NS) | 0.60 (7.8·10-2) | 1.23 (NS) | 1.75 (9.0·10-3) | 0.86 (NS) | 1.24 (NS) | 0.85 (NS) | 0.74 (5.4·10-2) | 1.07 (NS) |
| Acyl-carnitines | |||||||||
| Acetyl-L-carnitine | 1.40 (1.6·10-2) | 0.88 (NS) | 1.54 (4.5·10-3) | 1.75 (2.0·10-2) | 1.00 (NS) | 1.43 (3.3·10-2) | 1.35 (NS) | 0.96 (NS) | 1.02 (NS) |
| Octanoyl-L-carnitine | 1.46 (2.3·10-2) | 0.87 (NS) | 1.62 (1.2·10-2) | 1.50 (NS) | 0.80 (NS) | 1.60 (3.3·10-2) | 1.23 (NS) | 0.77 (NS) | 1.01 (NS) |
| Decanoyl-L-carnitine | 1.43 (3.2·10-2) | 0.79 (NS) | 1.61 (1.2·10-2) | 1.51 (NS) | 0.73 (NS) | 1.54 (3.3·10-2) | 1.24 (NS) | 0.78 (NS) | 0.97 (NS) |
| Undecanoyl-L-carnitine | 1.20 (1.6·10-2) | 0.96 (NS) | 1.25 (9.7·10-3) | 1.16 (NS) | 0.89 (NS) | 1.23 (3.3·10-2) | 1.15 (NS) | 0.96 (NS) | 1.02 (NS) |
| Lauroyl-L-carnitine | 1.44 (1.6·10-2) | 0.79 (NS) | 1.62 (6.0·10-3) | 1.77 (3.6·10-2) | 0.87 (NS) | 1.56 (3.3·10-2) | 1.22 (NS) | 0.73 (8.2·10-2) | 0.94 (NS) |
| Myristoyl-L-carnitine | 1.34 (1.6·10-2) | 0.93 (NS) | 1.44 (6.0·10-3) | 1.62 (1.2·10-2) | 1.04 (NS) | 1.39 (3.3·10-2) | 1.24 (NS) | 0.89 (NS) | 1.00 (NS) |
| Palmitoyl-L-carnitine | 1.27 (2.2·10-2) | 1.05 (NS) | 1.32 (1.2·10-2) | 1.44 (4.4·10-2) | 1.14 (NS) | 1.32 (3.3·10-2) | 1.18 (NS) | 0.74 (8.2·10-2) | 0.82 (NS) |
| Oleoyl-L-carnitine | 1.33 (1.8·10-2) | 0.89 (NS) | 1.45 (9.7·10-3) | 1.58 (8.0·10-2) | 0.97 (NS) | 1.39 (3.3·10-2) | 1.24 (NS) | 0.80 (NS) | 0.89 (NS) |
| Linoleoyl-L-carnitine | 1.38 (1.6·10-2) | 1.11 (NS) | 1.43 (9.7·10-3) | 1.36 (NS) | 1.06 (NS) | 1.40 (3.3·10-2) | 1.33 (NS) | 0.54 (1.2·10-3) | 0.57 (1.8·10-3) |
| Other metabolites | |||||||||
| Citric acid | 0.95 (NS) | 0.35 (5.3·10-2) | 1.16 (NS) | 2.80 (3.6·10-2) | 0.84 (NS) | 0.88 (NS) | 1.11 (NS) | 1.09 (NS) | 0.87 (NS) |
| Oxaloacetic acid | 0.97 (NS) | 2.88 (NS) | 0.78 (NS) | 0.41 (7.0·10-2) | 1.50 (NS) | 0.93 (NS) | 1.05 (NS) | 0.84 (NS) | 0.74 (NS) |
| Creatine | 1.00 (NS) | 0.59 (NS) | 1.11 (NS) | 1.40 (NS) | 0.74 (NS) | 0.95 (NS) | 1.11 (NS) | 3.30 (1.7·10-9) | 2.84 (3.8·10-8) |
| Creatinine | 1.10 (NS) | 1.45 (NS) | 1.04 (NS) | 0.73 (8.0·10-2) | 1.02 (NS) | 1.03 (NS) | 1.26 (NS) | 0.61 (4.9·10-4) | 0.50 (1.8·10-9) |
| Pantothenic acid | 1.33 (1.6·10-2) | 1.34 (NS) | 1.32 (1.2·10-2) | 1.23 (NS) | 1.25 (NS) | 1.37 (3.3·10-2) | 1.25 (NS) | 1.07 (NS) | 1.16 (NS) |
The results are expressed as fold changes (i.e., the ratio between the mean concentrations detected in the two study groups being compared), with FDR-corrected p-values in brackets.
Abbreviations: CD, cognitive decline; CTL, control; CDε4+, cognitive decline individuals carrying the ε4 allele of the apolipoprotein E gene; CDε4-, cognitive decline individuals non-carrying the ε4 allele of the apolipoprotein E gene; CTLε4+, control individuals carrying the ε4 allele of the apolipoprotein E gene; CTLε4-, control individuals non-carrying the ε4 allele of the apolipoprotein E gene; CDF, cognitive decline female individuals; CDM, cognitive decline male individuals; CTLF, control female individuals; CTLM, control male individuals; NS, non-significant.