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. 2022 Jan 4;20:3. doi: 10.1186/s12951-021-01122-w

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 1 — Synthesis and characterization of CeNP and CeNP-PEG. A Synthetic procedure of CeNP and CeNP-PEG. B Representative high resolution TEM images of CeNP and CeNP-PEG. The SAED C and XRD F images reveal the cubic fluorite structure of the CeNP. The hydrodynamic size D and zeta potential E of CeNP-PEG. G Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra of CeNP and CeNP-PEG. H The XPS spectra of ceria nanoparticles reveal the valence state and the corresponding binding energy peaks of 885.2 and 903.4 eV for Ce³⁺ and 882.3, 889.0, 898.4, 900.9, 907.0 and 916.8 eV for Ce⁴⁺. a.u.: arbitrary units. I Confocal images of extracellular ROS levels in the presence of CeNP-PEG treatments in HK-2 cells