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. 2022 Jan 4;20:3. doi: 10.1186/s12951-021-01122-w

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 4 — CeNP-PEG blocked the aerobic glycolysis and enhances OXPHOS, contributing to EMT suppression in vitro A The OCR measurements of the mitochondrial stress test and B The ECAR measurements of the glycolysis stress test were performed in HK-2 cells treated with or without TGF-β1, and/or CeNP-PEG. The basic and maximum capacity of OCR and ECAR were quantified. C The ROS levels of cells treated with TGF-β1 and/or CeNP-PEG was determined using the fluorescence spectrophotometry. D The ATP content of cells treated with TGF-β1 and/or CeNP-PEG was determined using the ATP Bioluminescence Assay Kit. E Mitochondrial membrane potential of cells treated with TGF-β1 and/or CeNP-PEG was measured by flow cytometry. F and G The expression of HK1/2, PFKP, PFKM and PKM2, total-Samd2/3 and p-Samd2/3 stimulated by TGF-β1 and/or CeNP-PEG was evaluated by western blot analysis. β-actin was used as the loading control, and all data were presented as mean ± SD (^#P < 0.05 and ^##P < 0.01 for TGF-β1 vs. control, and ^*P < 0.05 and ^**P < 0.01 for TGF-β1 + CeNP-PEG; n = 3 for each group)