Table 3.
Characteristic of interventions
| Author | Feeding supplementation | Outcome improvement | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Physical growth | Neurodevelopment | Biochemical outcomes | Other health outcomes | Morbidity of any disease | All-cause mortality | ||||
| ST | LT | ST | LT | ||||||
| Pammi et al. | Lactoferrin | NR | NR | NR | NSD | NR |
Hospital stay ↓c urinary tract infection ↓c |
LOS ↓c Fungal sepsis ↓b |
NSD |
| Howlett et al. | Inositol | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NSD | Neonatal death ↓b |
| Walsh et al. | Iodine | NSD | NR | NR | NSD | NSD | NSD | NSD | NSD |
| Chi et al. | Prebiotics | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR |
Days achieve full enteral feeding↓d Hospital stay ↓d Stool frequency ↑c |
Sepsis ↓a | ↓a |
| Armannia et al. | Prebiotics | NR | NR | NR | NR | NSD |
Phototherapy rate ↓c Hospital stay ↓c Stool frequency ↑a |
Hyperbilirubina-emia ↓c | NSD |
| Amissah et al. | Fat | NSD | NR | NR | NR | NR | NSD | NR | NR |
| Amissah et al. | Protein |
Weight ↑c Length ↑c HC ↑c |
NR | NR | NR | Blood urea nitrogen ↑c | Hospital stay ↑d | NSD | NR |
| Amissah et al. | Carbohydrate | Weight ↑d | NR | NR | NR | NR | Hospital stay ↓d | NSD | NR |
| Yang et al. | Vitamin D |
Length ↑a HC ↑a |
NR | NR | NR |
Ig-A ↑a Ig-G ↑c IL-12 ↑b |
NR | NSD | NR |
| Harding et al. | Calcium and/or phosphorus | NSD | NR | NR | NR | NSD | NSD | NR | NR |
| Shah et al. | Arginine | NR | NSD | NR | NSD | NR | NR | NEC ↓b | NSD (death related to NEC ↓b) |
| Aceti et al. | Probiotic | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | LOS ↓a | NR |
| Moe-Byrne et al. | glutamine | NSD | NR | NR | NSD | NR | Days achieve full enteral feeding ↓ | NSD | NSD |
| Moon et al. | LCPUFA |
Weight ↑c; Length ↑c. |
NSD | NR | NSD | NR | NR | NR | NR |
| AlFaleh et al. | Probiotics | NSD | NR | NR | NSD | NR |
Hospital stay ↓d Days achieve full enteral feeding ↓d |
NEC ↓c | ↓d |
| Young et al. | Mult-inutrient | NR | NSD | NR | Visual acuity↑c | NR | Bone mineral content (4/12 months) ↑c | NR | NR |
| Verner et al. | Taurine | NSD | NR | NSD | NR | NR | Intestinal fat absorption ↑c | NSD | NSD |
ST, Short term; LT, Long Term;
NR, Not reported; NSD, No statistical significance
a, High certainty; b, Moderate certainty; c, low certainty; d, very low certainty;
↑, Increase; ↓, Decrease;
LCPUFA, long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid; HC, head circumference; LOS, late-onset sepsis; NEC, necrotizing enterocolitis
Indication:
NEC is defined as Bell’s stage ≥II. [13]
Hospital stay measured in days to discharge. [13]
LOS is defined as the presence of a positive blood or cerebrospinal fluid culture taken 72 h after birth. [23]
Hyperbilirubinaemia is defined as follows: [1] for term and late preterm neonates (GW ≥ 35w), total bilirubin (TB) level is eligible for phototherapy or as absolute TB level ≥ 15 mg/dL. [2] for preterm neonates (GW < 35w), TB level is eligible for phototherapy or as absolute TB level > 1% of body weight. [16]
Stool frequency is defined as total number of defecations recorded per day during intervention. [16]
Days achieve full enteral feeding is defined as days from birth to establish full enteral tube feeds (at least 150 ml/kg/day). [25]
Bone mineral content assessed by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry and clinical or radiological evidence of rickets on long-term follow-up. [27]