Table 1.
Characteristics of participants at baseline and follow-up (n = 88)
| Baseline | Follow-up | Difference | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Meana | SDb | Meana | SDb | Meana | SDb | p-valuec | |
| Age (years) | 9.2 | 0.9 | 14.6 | 0.8 | 5.4 | 0.3 | < 0.001 |
| Height (cm) | 137.4 | 7.3 | 166.4 | 8.4 | 29.0 | 5.1 | < 0.001 |
| Weight (kg) | 32.3 | 7.4 | 56.6 | 11.5 | 24.3 | 6.6 | < 0.001 |
| BMI z-score | 0.18 | 1.19 | 0.04 | 1.07 | −0.14 | 0.69 | 0.074 |
| Fat mass (%) | 16.2 | 8.3 | 18.6 | 8.6 | 2.4 | 6.1 | < 0.001 |
| Fat mass index (kg/m2) | 2.9 | 2.1 | 4.0 | 2.4 | 1.1 | 1.6 | < 0.001 |
| Visceral adipose tissue (cm2) | 27.4 | 23.4 | 45.3 | 31.5 | 17.9 | 21.8 | < 0.001 |
| Weight statusd | |||||||
| Underweight (%) | 2.3 | 1.1 | −1.2 | 1.000 | |||
| Normal weight (%) | 73.8 | 76.1 | 2.3 | 0.803 | |||
| Overweight (%) | 14.8 | 20.5 | 5.7 | 0.359 | |||
| Obesity (%) | 9.1 | 2.3 | −6.8 | 0.041 | |||
| Movement behaviors (the 4-part composition) | |||||||
| Total SB (min/day) | 328.2 | 49.8 | 483.0 | 44.6 | 154.8 | 41.5 | < 0.001 |
| LPA (min/day) | 354.3 | 42.3 | 260.6 | 42.0 | −93.7 | 39.4 | < 0.001 |
| MPA (min/day) | 41.1 | 42.4 | 28.6 | 38.0 | −12.5 | 38.1 | < 0.001 |
| VPA (min/day) | 12.8 | 65.5 | 16.2 | 75.5 | 3.4 | 81.0 | 0.005 |
| Movement behaviors (the 6-part composition) | |||||||
| SB short bouts (min/day) | 195.4 | 22.9 | 209.7 | 22.7 | 14.3 | 22.8 | < 0.001 |
| SB middle bouts (min/day) | 101.5 | 28.6 | 181.3 | 24.4 | 79.8 | 27.7 | < 0.001 |
| SB long bouts (min/day) | 36.5 | 47.9 | 98.5 | 42.8 | 62.0 | 45.4 | < 0.001 |
| LPA (min/day) | 352.1 | 23.1 | 255.9 | 24.2 | −96.2 | 24.7 | < 0.001 |
| MPA (min/day) | 39.6 | 27.6 | 28.2 | 26.7 | −11.4 | 27.1 | < 0.001 |
| VPA (min/day) | 11.3 | 49.9 | 14.8 | 59.2 | 3.5 | 52.3 | 0.868 |
Bold values denote significant results
LPA light physical activity, MPA moderate physical activity, SB sedentary behavior, SD standard deviation, VPA vigorous physical activity
aThe robust mean for compositional data; arithmetic mean for non-compositional continuous variables; percentages for categorical variables
bPart of the total variance related to a given time-use component for compositional data; standard deviation for other variables
cAnalyzed using the paired sample t-test for continuous variables (the first pivot coordinate was used to represent each time-use variable for compositional data) and the chi-squared test for categorical variables
dBased on BMI z-score categories