Table 7.
Demographic and risk/protective factors as predictors of GPS scores (N = 17,231)
| Variable |
PTSSa b [95% CI] |
Negative affecta b [95% CI] |
Dissociationa b [95% CI] |
GPS-Symb b [95% CI] |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Any Stressful Event Due To COVID-19 | 0.13*** [0.10,0.16] | 0.22*** [0.19,0.24] | 0.12*** [0.09,0.15] | 0.85*** [0.74,0.95] |
| Working Activity change due to COVID-19 | ||||
| As Usual | ref | |||
| Smart Working c | 0.06* [0.01,0.11] | 0.08*** [0.03,0.12] | 0.05 [−0.01,0.10] | 0.28*** [0.12,0.44] |
| Discontinued | 0.08*** [0.03,0.13] | 0.10*** [0.06,0.14] | −0.01 [−0.05,0.04] | 0.33*** [0.17,0.48] |
| More Than Usual | 0.21*** [0.12,0.30] | 0.11* [0.02,0.19] | 0.09 [−0.01,0.18] | 0.55*** [0.23,0.86] |
| Loved One Involved w/COVID-19 | ||||
| Not infected/deceased/hospitalize | ref | |||
| Infected | 0.08* [0.01,0.15] | 0.03 [−0.03,0.10] | 0.05 [−0.03,0.12] | 0.24 [−0.01,0.48] |
| Deceased | 0.25*** [0.13,0.38] | 0.16** [0.05,0.27] | 0.08 [−0.05,0.21] | 0.82*** [0.40,1.24] |
| Hospitalized | 0.16** [0.06,0.26] | 0.02 [−0.07,0.10] | −0.01 [−0.10,0.09] | 0.22 [−0.11,0.55] |
| Lockdown Status | ||||
| Lockdown | ref | |||
| Quarantine | 0.20* [0.04,0.37] | 0.26*** [0.11,0.41] | −0.06 [−0.23,0.11] | 0.91** [0.35,1.48] |
| Hospitalized | −0.31 [−1.24,0.63] | 0.17 [−0.67,1.00] | 0.39 [−0.56,1.34] | 0.48 [−2.42,3.38] |
| Age (Reversed) | 0.04*** [0.02,0.06] | 0.22*** [0.20,0.23] | 0.05*** [0.03,0.07] | 0.69*** [0.63,0.76] |
| Female | 0.39*** [0.36,0.43] | 0.26*** [0.23,0.29] | 0.20*** [0.17,0.24] | 1.33*** [1.20,1.45] |
| Region | ||||
| North | ref | |||
| Centre | −0.02 [−0.06,0.01] | −0.03 [−0.06,0.01] | −0.03 [−0.07,0.00] | −0.11 [−0.24,0.01] |
| South | 0.17*** [0.14,0.21] | 0.07*** [0.04,0.10] | 0.05** [0.02,0.09] | 0.42*** [0.30,0.54] |
| Education | ||||
| ≥Graduate | ref | |||
| Undergraduate | 0.05** [0.02,0.08] | 0.05** [0.02,0.07] | 0.11*** [0.08,0.15] | 0.27*** [0.16,0.38] |
| Lower Education | 0.06* [0.00,0.11] | 0.07** [0.02,0.12] | 0.17*** [0.11,0.23] | 0.43*** [0.24,0.62] |
| In A Relationship | 0.11*** [0.08,0.14] | 0 [−0.03,0.03] | −0.04* [−0.08,-0.01] | 0.11 [−0.00,0.22] |
| Occupation | ||||
| Employed | ref | |||
| Housemaker | 0.15*** [0.08,0.21] | 0.10*** [0.04,0.16] | −0.03 [−0.10,0.04] | 0.46*** [0.24,0.69] |
| Unemployed | 0 [−0.05,0.05] | 0.07** [0.03,0.12] | 0.02 [−0.03,0.07] | 0.24** [0.07,0.41] |
| Retired | −0.09 [−0.23,0.05] | 0.06 [−0.07,0.18] | −0.08 [−0.21,0.06] | 0.01 [−0.41,0.44] |
| Student | −0.15*** [−0.20,-0.10] | 0.04* [0.00,0.09] | −0.05 [−0.10,0.00] | −0.07 [−0.24,0.09] |
| GPS-RP | 0.14*** [0.13,0.15] | 0.30*** [0.29,0.31] | 0.15*** [0.13,0.16] | 1.10*** [1.06,1.14] |
aseemingly unrelated regression, the three dependent variables are jointly modelled; b multiple linear regression model. PTSS: Post-Traumatic Stress Symptoms; GPS-Sym: Global Psychotrauma Scale – total symptom score. * p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001. c: smart working refers to working online from home.