Table 2.
Percentage of participants who agree or strongly agree with feeling trained to carry out each of the activities described (in = 1793)
| Competencies | All (medical students or physicians)(n = 1793)n (%) | Physicians (n = 663)n (%) |
|---|---|---|
| Dimension 1: Question | ||
| 1.1) Differentiate which questions can be answered by research studies, and searches cannot. | 945 (52.7) | 360 (54.3) |
| 1.2) Identify the different types of clinical questions (questions about treatment, diagnosis, prognosis, and etiology). | 1036 (57.8) | 411 (62.0) |
| 1.3) Convert a clinical question into a question in PICO format or its variants when appropriate (PICOT, PECO, PO). | 703 (39.2) | 245 (37.0) |
| Dimension 2: Search | ||
| 2.1) Explain the results are the main databases and other resources (guides, reviews, UpToDate, others) to search for health evidence. | 960 (53.5) | 334 (50.4) |
| 2.2) Build and carry out a suitable search strategy for clinical questions (including Boolean operators, truncation, and/or filters). | 703 (39.2) | 260 (39.2) |
| 2.3) Identify the differences between the main databases of scientific information. | 775 (43.2) | 281 (42.4) |
| 2.4) Obtain the full text of the scientific articles and/or resources, as needed. | 1005 (56.1) | 351 (52.9) |
| Dimension 3: Analysis | ||
| 3.1) Identify how reliable a study is based on its biases, confidence intervals, confounders, conflicts of interest, and subgroup analysis. | 529 (29.5) | 217 (32.7) |
| 3.2) Interpret the different measures of association (PR, OR, RR, HR, MD). | 526 (29.3) | 229 (34.5) |
| 3.2) Interpret the different impact measures (RA, NNT, and NNH). | 377 (21.0) | 170 (25.6) |
| 3.2) Interpret the graphs most used in clinical studies (Kaplan-Meier, cumulative incidence). | 357 (19.9) | 162 (24.4) |
| 3.3) Value and interpret critically a systematic review, meta-analysis, forest plot and summary of findings table (SoF). | 369 (20.6) | 165 (24.9) |
| 3.4) Value and interpret critically a treatment study (randomized clinical trial), as well as an observational study with statistical adjustment. | 433 (24.1) | 186 (28.1) |
| 3.5) Value and interpret critically a diagnostic precision study (a study that presents sensitivity and specificity). | 481 (26.8) | 210 (31.7) |
| 3.6) Distinguish between evidence-based clinical practice guidelines (based on systematic reviews), and opinion-based guidelines. | 574 (32.0) | 245 (37.0) |
| 3.7) Identify the key features of a prognostic study (clinical prediction study) and be able to interpret it. | 413 (23.0) | 185 (27.9) |
| 3.8) Explain in which cases to explain harm from interventions I rely on clinical trials and in which cases I rely on observational studies | 412 (23.0) | 177 (26.7) |
| 3.9) Explain the purpose and processes of a qualitative study and how it can be used to make decisions. | 479 (26.7) | 195 (29.4) |
| Dimension 4: Application | ||
| 4.1) Carry out a shared decision-making process (shared decision making) with the patient, including explaining the evidence (decision aids) to the patient and integrating their preferences. | 371 (20.7) | 194 (29.3) |
| 4.2) Recognize the components and professional, ethical, and legal dimensions of clinical decision-making and the role of clinical reasoning. | 537 (29.9) | 245 (37.0) |
| 4.3) Calculate the individual expected benefit of a certain intervention based on my patient’s initial risk (in terms of AR or NNT). | 352 (19.6) | 172 (25.9) |
| 4.4) Interpret the certainty in the evidence (GRADE methodology) and the strength of the recommendations in health care. | 402 (22.4) | 199 (30.0) |