Table 5.
Multinomial logistic regression estimates for predictors of psychological response patterns over time
| Resilient vs. |
Recovered vs. |
Delayed |
||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Recovered |
Delayed |
Sustained distress |
Delayed |
Sustained distress |
Sustained distress |
|||||||||
| Estimate | S.E. | Estimate | S.E. | Estimate | S.E. | Estimate | S.E. | Estimate | S.E. | Estimate | S.E. | |||
| Demographic and living conditions variables | ||||||||||||||
| Sex | −0.31 | 0.73 | −0.10 | 0.90 | −0.40* | 0.67 | 0.21 | 1.24 | −0.09 | 0.91 | −0.30 | 0.74 | ||
| Age | −0.21** | 0.81 | −0.23** | 0.80 | −0.26** | 0.78 | −0.02 | 0.98 | −0.05 | 0.96 | −0.03 | 0.97 | ||
| Living with children | 0.04 | 1.04 | −0.34 | 0.71 | 0.16 | 1.18 | −0.38 | 0.69 | 0.12 | 1.13 | 0.50* | 1.65 | ||
| Housing conditions | 0.33 | 1.39 | −0.09 | 0.92 | −0.08 | 0.93 | −0.41 | 0.66 | −0.40 | 0.67 | 0.01 | 1.01 | ||
| Health-related variables | ||||||||||||||
| Pre-existing health condition | 0.40* | 1.49 | 0.01 | 1.01 | 0.06 | 1.06 | −0.39 | 0.68 | −0.34 | 0.71 | 0.05 | 1.05 | ||
| Previous mental health difficulties | −0.11 | 0.90 | 0.24 | 1.27 | 0.63** | 1.88 | 0.35 | 1.41 | 0.74** | 2.10 | 0.40 | 1.49 | ||
| Psychological variables | ||||||||||||||
| Anxiety about COVID-19 | 1.18** | 3.25 | 0.89** | 2.43 | 1.57** | 4.79 | −0.29 | 0.75 | 0.39 | 1.47 | 0.68** | 1.97 | ||
| Economic threat due to COVID-19 | −0.05 | 0.95 | 0.46** | 1.59 | 0.81** | 2.24 | 0.51* | 1.67 | 0.86** | 2.36 | 0.34 | 1.41 | ||
| Increased substance use | 0.97** | 2.63 | 0.84** | 2.32 | 1.43** | 4.17 | −0.13 | 0.88 | 0.46* | 1.58 | 0.59** | 1.80 | ||
| Intolerance of uncertainty scale | 0.52* | 1.68 | 0.49** | 1.63 | 0.86** | 2.37 | −0.03 | 0.97 | 0.35 | 1.42 | 0.38 | 1.46 | ||
| Death Anxiety Inventory | 0.36 | 1.44 | 0.15 | 1.17 | 0.82** | 2.27 | −0.21 | 0.81 | 0.46* | 1.58 | 0.67** | 1.94 | ||
| The Pemberton Happiness Index | 0.37 | 1.44 | −0.45* | 0.64 | −0.40* | 0.67 | −0.82** | 0.44 | −0.76** | 0.47 | 0.05 | 1.06 | ||
| Brief Resilience Scale | −0.20 | 0.82 | −0.27 | 0.76 | −0.35 | 0.71 | −0.08 | 0.93 | −0.15 | 0.86 | −0.07 | 0.93 | ||
| Interpersonal variables | ||||||||||||||
| The Three-item Loneliness Scale | 0.71** | 2.04 | 0.66** | 1.94 | 0.86** | 2.36 | −0.05 | 0.95 | 0.14 | 1.16 | 0.20 | 1.22 | ||
| Belongingness in Neighbourhood | 0.36 | 1.43 | 0.22 | 1.24 | 0.36 | 1.46 | −0.14 | 0.87 | 0.00 | 1.01 | 0.14 | 1.15 | ||
| Suspiciousness (SF-PaDS) | 0.82** | 2.27 | 0.39* | 1.48 | 0.75** | 2.11 | −0.43 | 0.65 | −0.07 | 0.93 | 0.36 | 1.43 | ||
| Religiousness | 0.43* | 1.5 | 0.16 | 1.17 | 0.16 | 1.16 | −0.27 | 0.76 | −0.27 | 0.76 | 0.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Goodness of the world (PI-6) | 0.03 | 1.03 | 0.20 | 1.23 | −0.15 | 0.86 | 0.17 | 1.18 | −0.18 | 0.83 | −0.35 | 0.70 | ||
| Identification with Humanity Scale | 0.15 | 1.16 | 0.20 | 1.23 | 0.59** | 1.81 | 0.05 | 1.06 | 0.44* | 1.56 | 0.39* | 1.47 | ||
Note: SF-PaDS: The Short-form Persecution and Deservedness Scale; PI-6: The Primals Inventory. *p < 0.001; **p < 0.01.