Table 1.

Key survey items.

Variables		Survey itemsa	References
Dependent variables
	Diagnostic performance	OOb system allows me to carefully evaluate the health condition of the patient. OO system allows me to thoroughly assess the health condition of the patient. OO system allows me to accurately evaluate the patient’s health condition. OO system allows me to think critically during the simulation experience.	[30]
	Clinical task performance	I believe that the use of OO system can increase my overall performance. I believe that the use of OO system can increase my effectiveness with the care tasks when working with live patients in the future. With the use of OO system, I believe I can work more efficiently for managing care tasks when working with live patients in the future. I believe that the use of OO system can increase the quality of care. I believe that the use of OO system can decrease error rates in communication and information sharing with other care members in the future. I believe that the use of OO system will help me understand what I have learned.	[43]
Independent variable
	AIc assistance	Clinicians’ experience of AI-assisted diagnostic simulation (binary: 1, with AI assistance; 0, live patient encounter with no AI assistance)
Key control variables
	Personal technology trait: technology habit	The use of social media has become a habit for me at work. I am addicted to using social media at work. I must use social media at work. Using social media has become natural to me at work	[44]
	Personal technology trait: personal innovativeness	If I heard about a new information technology, I would look for ways to experiment with it. In general, I am hesitant to try out new information technologies. Among my peers, I am usually the first to try out new information technologies. I like to experiment with new information technologies.	[45]
	Personal technology trait: computer literacy	I could complete the health care task using health information technology if there was no one around to tell me what to do as I go I could complete the health care task using health information technology if I had just the built-in help menu for assistance. I could complete the health care task using health information technology if someone showed me how to do it first. I could complete the health care task using health information if I had used similar apps before this one to do the same job.	[46]

^aEach item uses a seven-point Likert scale ranging from “strongly disagree” (1) to “strongly agree” (7).

^bOO system refers to artificial intelligence–enabled diagnosis technology in our research setting.

^cAI: artificial intelligence.