Table 7.

Results from hierarchical linear modeling (N=114 observations).

Variables		Model 1a					Model 2b
		OLSc (clustered SEd,e)	P values	Mixed modelf,g	P values	OLS (clustered SEd,h)		P values	Mixed modelf,g	P values
Constant		2.162 (1.013)	.04	2.162 (1.851)	.24	4.278 (0.898)		<.001	4.278 (1.462)	.003
AI assistance		–0.105 (0.185)	.57	–0.105 (0.167)	.53	–0.421 (0.192)		.03	–0.421 (0.175)	.02
Personal technological traits
	Technology habit	0.232 (0.104)	.03	0.232 (0.137)	.09	0.244 (0.0803)		.004	0.244 (0.108)	.02
	Personal innovativeness	–0.227 (0.202)	.27	–0.227 (0.197)	.25	–0.0234 (0.157)		.88	–0.0234 (0.155)	.89
	Computer literacy	–0.161 (0.181)	.38	–0.161 (0.157)	.31	–0.257 (0.111)		.02	–0.257 (0.124)	.04
Control variables
	Female gender	–0.202 (0.615)	.74	–0.202 (0.575)	.73	0.0792 (0.495)		.87	0.0792 (0.454)	.86
	Age: 18-25 years	1.885 (0.892)	.04	1.885 (1.473)	.20	–0.910 (0.825)		.28	–0.910 (1.163)	.43
	Age: 26-40 years	2.339 (0.782)	.004	2.339 (1.294)	.07	–0.236 (0.704_		.74	–0.236 (1.021)	.82
	Age: 41-55 years	2.428 (0.802)	.004	2.428 (1.321)	.07	0.102 (0.683)		.88	0.102 (1.042)	.92
	Race: African American	–0.0232 (0.540)	.97	–0.0232 (0.842)	.98	0.00592 (0.615)		.99	0.00592 (0.664)	.99
	Race: Asian	–0.419 (0.687)	.55	–0.419 (1.106)	.71	–0.0125 (0.745)		.99	–0.0125 (0.873)	.99
	Race: Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander	1.067 (0.672)	.12	1.067 (1.514)	.48	0.708 (0.724)		.33	0.708 (1.195)	.55
	Race: White	–0.0132 (0.417)	.98	–0.0132 (0.780)	.99	0.113 (0.545)		.84	0.113 (0.615)	.85
	Race: Other	0.209 (0.631)	.74	0.209 (0.826)	.80	0.644 (0.614)		.30	0.644 (0.652)	.32
	Education: Bachelor’s degree	1.880 (0.600)	.003	1.880 (1.044)	.07	1.584 (0.495)		.002	1.584 (0.824)	.06
	Education: Master’s degree	1.586 (0.738)	.04	1.586 (1.128)	.16	1.014 (0.586)		.09	1.014 (0.890)	.25
	Education: PhD	0.380 (0.935)	.69	0.380 (1.245)	.76	–0.158 (0.764)		.84	–0.158 (0.982)	.87
	Occupational status: working full time	–0.345 (0.413)	.41	–0.345 (0.790)	.66	–0.128 (0.439)		.77	–0.128 (0.623)	.84
	Occupational status: working part time	0.332 (0.425)	.44	0.332 (0.801)	.68	0.326 (0.448)		.47	0.326 (0.632)	.61
	Occupational status: unemployed	–0.760 (0.485)	.12	–0.760 (1.031)	.46	–0.719 (0.698)		.31	–0.719 (0.813)	.38
	Urban	–0.451 (0.433)	.30	–0.451 (0.512)	.38	–0.472 (0.409)		.25	–0.472 (0.404)	.24

^aDependent variable: diagnostic performance.

^bDependent variable: clinical task performance.

^cOLS: ordinary least squares.

^dRobust standard errors are clustered by each participant.

^eR²=0.347.

^f57 groups (clusters).

^gVariance structures were specified using unstructured, identify, and exchangeable, respectively, and results qualitatively remained the same.

^hR²=0.412.