Table 1.
Medications that may interfere with sleep architecture.44
| Drug Class | Example Agents44 |
|---|---|
| Acetylcholine modulators | Donepezil45 |
| Adenosine modulators | Theophylline,46 theobromine, caffeine |
| Alpha-2 delta ligands | Gabapentin |
| Antidepressants | |
| SSRIs47 | Fluoxetine20*, escitalopram,48 sertraline, paroxetine |
| SNRIs | Venlafaxine, duloxetine49 |
| Bupropion | Bupropion50 |
| Tricyclic antidepressants | Nortriptyline, amitriptyline48 |
| MAOIs | Phenelzine51 |
| Antihistamine, sedating | Diphenhydramine, doxylamine |
| Antipsychotic agents | Quetiapine52 |
| Antihypertensives | Prazosin53 |
| Benzodiazepines/NBRAs | Flurazepam*, clonazepam, lorazepam, zolpidem, eszopiclone, zaleplon |
| Dopamine agonists | Pramipexole, rotigotine, ropinirole54 |
| Lithium | Lithium |
| Melatonin agonists | Ramelteon, tasimelteon |
| Opioid agonists | Morphine, hydrocodone, methadone,55 fentanyl56 |
| Orexin/hypocretin antagonists | Suvorexant57 |
| Sodium oxybate | Sodium oxybate58 |
| Steroids | Prednisone59 |
| Stimulants | Methylphenidates, amphetamines |
| Wake-promoting agents | Armodafinil, modafinil, pitolisant, solriamfetol |
| Marijuana | Tetrahydrocannabinol60* |
Table includes commonly encountered medications or those requiring a prolonged washout period, but it is not an exhaustive list. A 2-week washout is generally recommended. *Medication agents with long half-lives and longer washout (up to 6 weeks) may be needed. CBG = cannabigerol, MAOIs = monoamine oxidase inhibitors, NBRAs = nonbenzodiazepine receptor agonists, SNRIs = serotonin noradrenergic reuptake inhibitors, SSRIs = selective serotonin reuptake agonists.