Table 1.
Differences in demographics, suicidality, self-harm, and psychosocial variables by country of residence and gender modality.
| Country |
Gender modality |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | Total sample | Aotearoa/ New Zealand | Australia | Bivariate difference | Transgender | Cisgender | Bivariate difference |
| % | % | % | % | % | |||
| Country | N/a | χ2(1)=29.64, p<.001 | |||||
| Aotearoa/New Zealand | 46.9 | N/a | N/a | 45.1 | 54.9 | ||
| Australia | 53.1 | N/a | N/a | 65.6 | 34.4 | ||
| Gender modality | χ2(1)=29.64, p<.001 | N/a | |||||
| Transgender | 56.0 | 45.1 | 65.6 | N/a | N/a | ||
| Cisgender | 44.0 | 54.9 | 34.4 | N/a | N/a | ||
| Gender | χ2(3)=18.77, p<.001 | χ2(3)=337.51, p<.001 | |||||
| Agender | 5.7 | 4.6 | 6.7 | 10.2 | 0 | ||
| Female | 42.0 | 48.8 | 36.0 | 16.3 | 74.7 | ||
| Male | 22.4 | 23.8 | 21.2 | 20.2 | 25.3 | ||
| Non-binary | 29.9 | 22.9 | 36.0 | 53.3 | 0 | ||
| Heterosexual | 18.2 | 26.0 | 11.3 | χ2(1)=25.31, p<.001 | 3.8 | 36.4 | χ2(1)=122.60, p<.001 |
| Indigenous | 8.8 | 14.3 | 3.8 | χ2(1)=23.92, p<.001 | 9.8 | 7.5 | χ2(1)=1.18, p=.27 |
| Employed | 61.7 | 61.3 | 62.1 | χ2(1)=0.04, p=.83 | 52.3 | 73.6 | χ2(1)=33.00, p<.001 |
| Studying | 44.4 | 48.5 | 40.9 | χ2(1)=4.09, p=.04 | 49.0 | 38.6 | χ2(1)=7.47, p<.01 |
| Rural | χ2(2)=7.93, p=.02 | χ2(2)=1.38, p=.50 | |||||
| Inner city | 24.6 | 28.0 | 21.5 | 23.7 | 25.6 | ||
| Suburb | 61.4 | 61.3 | 61.6 | 61.0 | 62.0 | ||
| Rural or remote | 14.0 | 10.7 | 16.9 | 15.3 | 12.3 | ||
| Living alone | 11.5 | 7.0 | 15.4 | χ2(1)=12.07, p<.001 | 11.3 | 11.7 | χ2(1)=0.03, p=.87 |
| Can afford bills | 86.0 | 84.8 | 87.1 | χ2(1)=0.79, p=.37 | 82.7 | 90.3 | χ2(1)=8.29, p<.01 |
| Recent suicidal ideation (SIDAS) | 30.0 | 27.4 | 32.3 | χ2(1)=1.93, p=.17 | 40.1 | 17.2 | χ2(1)=42.86, p<.001 |
| Lifetime suicidal ideation (single item) | 88.3 | 88.1 | 88.4 | χ2(1)=0.02, p=.89 | 93.6 | 81.5 | χ2(1)=24.54, p<.001 |
| Recent suicide attempt (single item) | 11.4 | 11.2 | 11.7 | χ2(1)=0.04, p=.85 | 16.8 | 4.6 | χ2(1)=24.73, p<.001 |
| Lifetime suicide attempt (single item) | 42.2 | 39.8 | 44.3 | χ2(1)=1.45, p=.23 | 53.4 | 27.8 | χ2(1)=45.41, p<.001 |
| Recent self-harm (DSHI) | 28.6 | 24.2 | 29.9 | χ2(1)=3.03, p=.08 | 36.9 | 14.8 | χ2(1)=44.99, p<.001 |
| Lifetime self-harm (DSHI) | 76.6 | 74.4 | 78.5 | χ2(1)=1.64, p=.20 | 88.0 | 62.0 | χ2(1)=64.98, p<.001 |
| Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | |||
| Age | 29.64 (11.82) | 29.65 (12.46) | 29.64 (11.24) | t(698)= −0.01, p=.99 | 26.39 (10.21) | 33.78 (12.43) | t(588.78)=8.44, p<.001 |
| Discrimination (EDS) | 23.76 (6.88) | 23.09 (6.63) | 24.35 (6.63) | t(698)=2.43, p=.02 | 24.87 (7.54) | 22.36 (5.64) | t(696.39)= −5.04, p<.001 |
| Distress (K10) | 28.48 (9.91) | 27.69 (9.78) | 29.18 (9.98) | t(698)=2.00, p<.05 | 31.63 (9.48) | 24.47 (8.97) | t(698)= −10.16, p<.001 |
| Social support (MSPSS) | 4.89 (1.20) | 4.94 (1.26) | 4.85 (1.14) | t(698)= −1.01, p=.31 | 4.73 (1.16) | 5.09 (1.23) | t(698)=7.60, p<.001 |
| Resilience (BRS) | 2.73 (0.88) | 2.85 (0.88) | 2.61 (0.87) | t(698)= −3.65, p<.001 | 2.51 (0.83) | 3.00 (0.87) | t(698)=3.95, p<.001 |
BRS = Brief Resilience Scale; DSHI = Deliberate Self-Harm Inventory; EDS = Everyday Discrimination Scale; K10 = Kessler-10 distress scale; MSPSS = Multi-Dimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support; SIDAS = Suicidal Ideation Attributes Scale.