Table 2.

Description of the 106 studies included, divided by WHO regions

Authors	Year	Country	Size (n)	Type of leishmaniasis	Clinical manifestation	VL history	Study population	Species	Objective	Ref.
WHO African Region
Bejano et al.	2021	Ethiopia	1342	VL	IC	nd	Households	L. donovani	Prevalence	[20]
									Epidemiology
									Risk factors
Tadese et al.	2019	Ethiopia	1099	VL	IC	None	Volunteers	L. donovani	Prevalence	[21]
Ayehu et al.	2018	Ethiopia	185	VL	IC	None	Laborers	L. donovani	Prevalence	[22]
									Risk factors
Custodio et al.	2012	Ethiopia	639	VL	IC	None	Households	L. donovani	Risk factors	[23]
									Epidemiology
Gadisa et al.	2012	Ethiopia	605	VL	IC	None	Households	L. donovani	Test evaluation	[24]
Griensven et al.	2019	Ethiopia	511	VL	HIV	None	Volunteers	L. donovani	Prevalence	[13]
									Incidence
									Disease progression
Adriaensen et al.	2018	Ethiopia	35	VL	HIV	Yes	Volunteers	L. donovani	Immunological biomarkers	[25]
									Test evaluation
WHO South-East Asia Region
Basnyat et al.	2021	Nepal	189	VL	IC	None	Households	L. donovani	Prevalence	[26]
									Leishmaniasis contacts
									Epidemiology
Cloots et al.	2021	India	94	VL	IC	None	Volunteers	L. donovani	Test evaluation	[27]
Owen et al.	2021	Bangladesh	720	VL	IC	None	Households	L. donovani	Test evaluation	[28]
									Leishmaniasis contacts
Johanson et al.	2020	India	109	VL	IC	None	Households	L. donovani	Prevalence	[29]
									Leishmaniasis contacts
									Epidemiology
Chakravarty et al.	2019	India	1606	VL	IC	nd	Households	L. donovani	Test evaluation	[18]
									Disease progression
Mondal et al.	2019	Bangladesh	200	VL	IC	None	Volunteers	L. donovani	Immunological biomarkers	[30]
									Disease progression
									Test evaluation
Singh et al.	2018	India	64	VL	IC	nd	Volunteers	L. donovani	Immunological biomarkers	[31]
Kaushal et al.	2017	India	246	VL	IC	Yes	Volunteers	L. donovani	Prevalence	[32]
Saha et al.	2017	India	2603	VL	IC	None	Volunteers	L. donovani	Prevalence	[33]
									Disease progression
Banu et al.	2016	Bangladesh, Australia	706	VL	IC	None	Blood donors and volunteers	L. donovani	Test evaluation	[34]
Banu et al.	2016	Bangladesh	257	VL	IC	None	Households	L. donovani	Prevalence	[35]
									Leishmaniasis contacts
Das et al.	2016	India	5144	VL and PKDL	IC	None	Households	L. donovani	Leishmaniasis contacts	[36]
									Disease progression
									Epidemiology
Timilsina et  al.	2016	Nepal	507	VL	IC	None	Blood donors	L. donovani	Prevalence	[37]
Vallur et al.	2016	Bangladesh	104	VL	IC	None	Households	L. donovani	Test evaluation	[38]
Picado et al.	2014	India and Nepal	510	VL	IC	None	Households	L. donovani	Risk factors	[39]
									Disease progression
									Epidemiology
Sudarshan et al.	2014	India	130	VL	IC	nd	Households	L. donovani	Test evaluation	[40]
									Disease progression
Sudarshan et al.	2014	India	1469	VL	IC	nd	Households	L. donovani	Test evaluation	[41]
									Disease progression
Huda et al.	2013	Bangladesh	1195	VL	IC	None	Blood donors	L. donovani	Prevalence	[42]
Srivastava et al.	2013	India	286	VL	IC	None	Households	L. donovani	Prevalence	[43]
									Test evaluation
Ostyn et al.	2011	India and Nepal	9034	VL	IC	None	Volunteers	L. donovani	Disease progression	[44]
Topno et al.	2010	India	335	VL	IC	Yes	Households	L. donovani	Prevalence	[45]
									Disease progression
Bhattarai et al.	2009	Nepal	231	PKDL	IC		Households	L. donovani	Test evaluation	[46]
Gidwani et al.	2009	India	870	VL	IC	None	Households	L. donovani	Prevalence	[47]
									Leishmaniasis contacts
									Disease progression
									Epidemiology
Sinha et al.	2008	India	172	VL	IC	None	Households	L. donovani	Test evaluation	[48]
									Leishmaniasis contacts
Bern et al.	2007	Bangladesh	1379	VL	IC	None	Households	L. donovani	Incidence	[49]
									Risk factors
Chowdhury et al.	1993	Bangladesh	17 826	VL	IC	nd	Households	L. donovani	Test evaluation	[50]
									Prevalence
WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region
Mody et al.	2019	Iraq	200	VL	IC	Yes	Soldiers	L. infantum	Prevalence	[51]
									Risk factors
Gigloo et al.	2018	Iran	617	VL	IC	None	Households	L. infantum	Prevalence	[52]
									Risk factors
Asfaram et al.	2017	Iran	600	VL	IC	None	Blood donors	L. infantum	Prevalence	[53]
Sarkari et al.	2015	Iran	2003	VL	IC	nd	Blood donors	L. infantum	Prevalence	[54]
Mohammadiha et al.	2013	Iran	82	VL	IC	None	Volunteers	L. infantum	Test evaluation	[55]
Sassi et al.	2012	Tunisia	119	VL and CL	IC	None	Volunteers	L. infantum and L. major	Test evaluation	[56]
							Households
Saghrouni et al.	2012	Tunisia	94	VL	IC	None	Households	L. infantum and L. major	Frequency	[57]
									Leishmaniasis contacts
Alborzi et al.	2008	Iran	388	VL	IC	None	Volunteers		Prevalence	[58]
									Test evaluation
Fakhar et al.	2008	Iran	802	VL	IC	Yes	Households	L. infantum	Prevalence	[59]
Sassi et al.	1999	Tunisia	45	CL	IC		Volunteers	L. major	Immunological biomarkers	[60]
									Test evaluation
Echchakery et al.	2018	Morocco	200	VL	HIV	None	Volunteers	L. infantum	Prevalence	[61]
Rezaei et al.	2018	Iran	251	VL	HIV	None	Volunteers	L. infantum	Prevalence	[62]
WHO European Region
Molina et al.	2020	Spain	50	VL	IC	None	Blood donors	L. infantum	Epidemiology	[63]
Ortalli et al.	2020	Italy	240	nd	IC	None	Blood donors	L. infantum	Prevalence	[11]
Aliaga et al.	2019	Spain	1260	VL	IC	nd	Blood donors	L. infantum	Prevalence	[64]
									Risk factors
									Epidemiology
Ibarra-Meneses et al.	2019	Spain	805	VL	IC	None	Volunteers	L. infantum	Prevalence	[12]
									Risk factors
Ibarra-Meneses et al.	2017	Spain	40	VL	IC	nd	Blood donors	L. infantum	Immunological biomarkers	[65]
Ibarra-Meneses et al.	2017	Spain and Bangladesh	305 and 25	VL	IC	None	Blood donors and volunteers	L. infantum	Immunological biomarkers	[66]
								L. donovani
Ibarra-Meneses et al.	2016	Spain	47	VL	IC	nd	Blood donors	L. infantum	Immunological biomarkers	[67]
Pérez-Cutillas et al.	2015	Spain	657	VL	IC	nd	Blood donors	L. infantum	Prevalence	[68]
									Spatial distribution
									Epidemiology
Ates et al.	2013	Turkey	343	VL	IC	nd	Blood donors	L. infantum	Prevalence	[69]
									Test evaluation
Sisko-Kraljevic et al.	2013	Croatia	2035	VL	IC	nd	Volunteers	L. infantum	Prevalence	[70]
Ates et al.	2012	Turkey	188	VL	IC	None	Blood donors	L. infantum	Prevalence	[71]
									Test evaluation
Riera et al.	2008	Spain	1437	VL	IC	None	Blood donors	L. infantum	Prevalence	[72]
Scarlata et al.	2008	Italy	1449	VL	IC	None	Blood donors	L. infantum	Prevalence	[73]
Sakru et al.	2007	Turkey	82	VL	IC	nd	Volunteers	L. infantum	Prevalence	[74]
Papadopoulou et al.	2005	Greece	1200	VL	IC	None	Volunteers	L. infantum	Prevalence	[75]
Riera et al.	2004	Spain	656	VL	IC	nd	Blood donors	L. infantum	Test evaluation	[76]
Adini et al.	2003	Israel	2580	VL	IC	nd	Households	L. donovani	Prevalence	[77]
Fichoux et al.	1999	France	565	VL	IC	None	Blood donors	L. infantum	Prevalence	[78]
Federico et al.	1991	Italy	591	VL	IC	None	Blood donors	L. infantum	Prevalence	[79]
Botana et al.	2019	Spain	82	VL	HIV	None	Volunteers	L. infantum	Immunological biomarkers	[80]
Ena et al.	2014	Spain	179	VL	HIV	None	Volunteers	L. infantum	Prevalence	[81]
Colomba et al.	2009	Italy	145	VL	HIV	Yes	Volunteers	L. infantum	Prevalence	[82]
									Infection markers
Garcia-Garcia et al.	2006	Spain	92	VL	HIV	None	Volunteers	L. infantum	Prevalence	[83]
									Test evaluation
Pineda et al.	1998	Spain	291	VL	HIV	Yes	Volunteers	L. infantum	Prevalence	[84]
									Risk factors
Botana et al.	2021	Spain	94	VL	IS	None	Volunteers	L. infantum	Immunological biomarkers	[85]
									Prevalence
Guillen et al.	2020	Spain	192	VL	IS	None	Volunteers	L. infantum	Prevalence	[86]
									Disease progression
Mary et al.	2006	France	111	VL	IC, HIV, and IS	None	Volunteers	L. infantum	Test evaluation	[87]
Comai et al.	2021	Italy	119	VL	SOT	None	Volunteers	L. infantum	Prevalence	[17]
Elmahallawy et al.	2015	Spain	625	VL	SOT	None	Volunteers	L. infantum	Prevalence	[88]
Region of the Americas
Silva et al.	2020	Brazil	500	VL	IC	nd	Blood donors	L. infantum	Prevalence	[89]
								L. braziliensis
Porcino et al.	2019	Brazil	132	VL	IC and VL	nd	Volunteers	L. infantum	Test evaluation	[90]
									Immunological biomarkers
Ferreira-Silva et al.	2018	Brazil	608	VL	IC	None	Blood donors	L. infantum	Prevalence	[91]
Marques et al.	2017	Brazil	935	VL	IC	None	Households	L. chagasi	Prevalence	[92]
									Risk factors
Medeiros et al.	2017	Brazil	33	VL	IC	None	Volunteers	L. infantum	Test evaluation	[93]
Braga et al.	2015	Brazil	176	CL	IC	None	Blood donors	L. braziliensis	Prevalence	[94]
Fukutani et al.	2014	Brazil	700	VL	IC	None	Blood donors	L. infantum	Prevalence	[95]
								L. amazonensis
Franca et al.	2013	Brazil	430	VL	IC	None	Blood donors	L. chagasi	Prevalence	[96]
Silva et al.	2013	Brazil	149	VL	IC	Yes	Volunteers	L. chagasi	Disease progression	[97]
Añez et al.	2012	Venezuela	1036	VL	IC	None	Households	L. infantum	Prevalence	[98]
Santos et al.	2012	Brazil	1875	VL	IC	nd	Households	L. infantum	Disease progression	[99]
Lima et al.	2012	Brazil	345	VL	IC	nd	Households	L. chagasi	Prevalence	[100]
Carneiro et al.	2011	Brazil	1604	VL	IC	nd	Households	L. infantum	Test evaluation	[101]
									Disease progression
									Epidemiology
Silva et al.	2011	Brazil	246	VL	IC	None	Volunteers	L. chagasi	Disease progression	[102]
Crescente et al.	2009	Brazil	946	VL	IC	nd	Households	L. chagasi	Prevalence	[103]
Romero et al.	2009	Brazil	1017	VL	IC	None	Volunteers	L. chagasi	Test evaluation	[104]
Viana et al.	2008	Brazil	138	VL	IC	None	Volunteers	L. chagasi	Prevalence	[105]
									Immunological biomarkers
									Leishmaniasis contacts
Oliveira et al.	2008	Brazil	220	VL	IC	nd	Households	L. chagasi	Prevalence	[106]
									Leishmaniasis contacts
Nascimento et al.	2006	Brazil	1016	VL	IC	Yes	Households	L. chagasi	Immunological biomarkers	[107]
Moreno et al.	2006	Brazil	1604	VL	IC	nd	Households	L. chagasi	Prevalence	[108]
									Test evaluation
Nascimento et al.	2005	Brazil	1520	VL	IC	nd	Volunteers	L. chagasi	Prevalence	[109]
Braz et al.	2002	Brazil	168	VL	IC	None	Household	L. chagasi	Test evaluation	[110]
Caldas et al.	2001	Brazil	648	VL	IC	Yes	Households	L. chagasi	Prevalence	[111]
									Risk factors
Corredor et al.	1999	Colombia	1140	VL	IC	None	Households	L. chagasi	Prevalence	[112]
							Indigenous		Risk factors
									Epidemiology
Guarin et al.	2006	Colombia	11	CL	IC	None	Volunteers	L. panamensis	Immunological biomarkers	[113]
								L. amazonensis	Test evaluation
Torrellas et al.	2020	Venezuela	841	CL	IC	nd	Households	L. mexicana	Prevalence	[14]
								L. braziliensis
								L. guyanensis
Arraes et al.	2008	Brazil	130	CL	IC	nd	Households	L. braziliensis	Prevalence	[114]
									Leishmaniasis contacts
Best et al.	2018	Peru	28	CL	IC	nd	Households	L. braziliensis	Immunological biomarkers	[115]
									Disease progression
Guedes et al.	2021	Brazil	487	VL	HIV	None	Volunteers	L. infantum	Prevalence	[116]
Cunha et al.	2020	Brazil	240	VL	HIV	None	Volunteers	L. infantum	Frequency	[117]
Orsini et al.	2012	Brazil	381	VL	HIV	nd	Volunteers	L. infantum	Prevalence	[118]
Clemente et al.	2014	Brazil	67	VL	SOT	None	Volunteers	L. infantum	Prevalence	[119]

VL visceral leishmaniasis; CL cutaneous leishmaniasis; PKDL post-kala azar dermal leishmaniasis; IC immunocompetent; HIV human immunodeficiency virus; SOT solid organ transplant; nd not defined; Ref. reference