Table 3.

Effects of prototype components in the cerebrospinal fluid after oral administration of Qi-Fu-Yin anti-Alzheimer's disease.

Compound	Samples	Biomarkers	Effects	References
3,6′-Disinapoyl sucrose	Glutamate and H2O2-induced SHSY5Y cells	Protein expression of CREB↑ Protein expression of BDNF↑	Neuroprotection	[69]
	Glutamate-induced SHSY5Y cells	mRNA expression of Bax↓ mRNA expression of Bcl-2↑	Antiapoptosis	[70]
Ginsenoside Rh1	Mice (6-month-old)	Number of crosses, time spent in platform quadrant↑ in the Morris water maze test Protein expression of BDNF↑	Neuroprotection	[71]
	IFN-γ-stimulated BV2 cells	Amounts of NO, ROS, and TNF-α↓	Anti-inflammation	[72]
	Scopolamine-induced amnesic mice	Escape latency↓ in the Morris water maze test Activity of SOD and CAT↑	Antioxidative stress	[73]
Butylphthalide	APP/PS1 mice	Escape latency↓, the time spent and travel distance in the target quadrant↑ in the Morris water maze test	Neuroprotection	[74]
	Aβ1-42-induced SD rats	Protein expression of MAPK↓	Antiapoptosis	[75]
Senkyunolide H	1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium-induced PC12 cells	Amounts of ROS, MDA↓ Activities of SOD, CAT, GSH-Px↑	Antioxidative stress	[76]
		Protein expression of Bax and caspase-3↓	Antiapoptosis	[76]
Tenuifolin	Aβ1-42-induced BV2 cells	Amounts of TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β↓	Anti-inflammation	[77]
		mRNA expression of iNOS and COX-2↓ Amount of NO↓	Antioxidative stress	[77]
Senkyunolide I	Glutamate-induced Neuro2a cells	Amount of caspase-3↓	Antiapoptosis	[78]
Glycyrrhetinic acid	BACE1 FRET assay	Activity of BACE1↓	Neuroprotection	[79]

↓, decrease; ↑, increase; Aβ, amyloid-β; CREB, cyclic AMP response element binding protein; BDNF, brain-derived neurotrophic factor; Bax, Bcl-2 associated X protein; Bcl-2, B cell lymphoma/leukemia-2; NO, nitric oxide; ROS, reactive oxygen species; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α; MDA, malondialdehyde; SOD, superoxide dismutase; CAT, catalase; GSH-Px, glutathione peroxidase; IL-6, interleukin 6; IL-1β, interleukin 1β; iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase; COX-2, cyclooxygenase-2; MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase; BACE1: β-site APP cleaving enzyme 1.