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. 2021 Dec 1;36(1):23–32. doi: 10.1038/s41375-021-01482-0

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — Mediators of innate immunity, including the ComC-derived anaphylatoxins C3a, C5a, and C5b-C9 at low concentration and activation of Nlrp3 inflammasomes within the hormetic zone, exert several positive effects on hematopoiesis, including (i) regulation of HSPC circadian circulation, (ii) mobilization in response to external and intrinsic stimuli, (iii) homing and engraftment after transplantation, and, what is also very likely, (iv) promotion of HSPC proliferation and expansion due to regulation of intracellular metabolism in a complosome-dependent manner.