Table 1. Etiologies of superior vena cava syndrome [9,15].

Malignancy-related SVCS (~70%)	Benign SVCS (~30%)
Non-small cell lung cancer	Indwelling central venous catheters, implanted devices (e.g., pacemakers)
Small cell lung cancer	Mediastinal fibrosis, radiation fibrosis, retrosternal goiter, Bechet’s syndrome
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma	Iatrogenic causes
Metastatic and other tumors