Table 1.
Characteristics of patients with acute heart failure at baseline by quartiles of serum free fatty acids.
|
All patients
n = 183 |
Q1 (≤385.60)
n = 46 |
Q2 (385.60–596.20)
n = 46 |
Q3 (596.20–797.30)
n = 46 |
Q4 (>797.30)
n = 45 |
P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 73 (63, 79) | 72 (65, 78) | 76 (63, 82) | 77 (69, 83) | 66 (57, 73) | <0.001 |
| Male sex, n (%) | 117 (63.9) | 28 (60.9) | 31 (67.4) | 30 (65.2) | 28 (62.2) | 0.915 |
| Body-mass index, kg/m2 | 23.8 (20.8, 26.0) | 22.2 (20.2, 25.4) | 24.1 (22.0,26.3) | 24.2 (20.8, 26.9) | 24.2 (20.8, 25.3) | 0.224 |
| MAP, mmHg | 90.7 (82.0, 100.7) | 91.0 (82.8, 99.3) | 89.3 (81.7, 94.8) | 91.0 (79.0, 106.4) | 91.7 (85.7, 104.0) | 0.783 |
| LVEF, % | 35.3 (28.2, 48.5) | 39.0 (30.2, 54.7) | 34.3 (27.6, 55.3) | 37.3 (28.5, 45.1) | 32.0 (26.5,43.4) | 0.197 |
| NYHA functional class | 0.078 | |||||
| II, n (%) | 33 (18.0) | 11 (23.9) | 10 (21.7) | 6 (13.0) | 6 (13.3) | |
| III, n (%) | 81 (44.3) | 25 (54.3) | 18 (39.1) | 23 (50.0) | 15 (33.3) | |
| IV, n (%) | 69 (37.7) | 10 (21.7) | 18 (39.1) | 17 (37.0) | 24 (53.3) | |
| De novo HF, n (%) | 47 (25.7) | 13 (28.3) | 12 (26.1) | 10 (21.7) | 12 (26.7) | 0.905 |
| Co-morbidities, n (%) | ||||||
| Coronary artery disease | 71 (38.8) | 21 (45.7) | 14 (30.4) | 21 (45.7) | 15 (33.3) | 0.291 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 51 (27.9) | 9 (19.6) | 16 (34.8) | 11 (23.9) | 15 (33.3) | 0.296 |
| Hypertension | 98 (53.6) | 27 (58.7) | 26 (56.5) | 25 (54.3) | 20 (44.4) | 0.539 |
| Atrial fibrillation/atrial flutter | 87 (47.5) | 18 (39.1) | 21 (45.7) | 25 (54.3) | 23 (51.1) | 0.483 |
| Smoking | 67 (36.6) | 15 (32.6) | 22 (47.8) | 17 (37.0) | 13 (28.9) | 0.265 |
| Medications during hospitalization, n (%) | ||||||
| Intravenous Diuretics | 128 (69.9) | 26 (56.5) | 33 (71.7) | 32 (69.6) | 37 (82.2) | 0.065 |
| Intravenous vasodilator | 15 (8.2) | 4 (8.7) | 3 (6.5) | 6 (13.0) | 2 (4.4) | 0.482 |
| Intravenous vasopressor | 6 (3.3) | 0 (0) | 1 (2.2) | 2 (4.3) | 3 (6.7) | 0.317 |
| Intravenous inotropic agent | 54 (29.5) | 12 (26.1) | 14 (30.4) | 11 (23.9) | 17 (37.8) | 0.484 |
| ACEI/ARB | 127 (69.4) | 31 (67.4) | 34 (73.9) | 32 (69.6) | 30 (66.7) | 0.876 |
| Beta-blockers | 131 (71.6) | 30 (65.2) | 38 (82.6) | 34 (73.9) | 29 (64.4) | 0.178 |
| ARNI | 43 (23.5) | 8 (17.4) | 14 (30.4) | 10 (21.7) | 11 (24.4) | 0.515 |
| Amiodarone | 29 (15.8) | 9 (19.6) | 7 (15.2) | 5 (10.9) | 8 (17.8) | 0.689 |
| Digoxin | 59 (32.2) | 11 (23.9) | 13 (28.3) | 15 (32.6) | 20 (44.4) | 0.182 |
| Antiplatelet agents | 101 (55.2) | 29 (63.0) | 26 (56.5) | 24 (52.2) | 22 (48.9) | 0.558 |
| Anticoagulants | 79 (43.2) | 16 (34.8) | 18 (39.1) | 24 (52.2) | 21 (46.7) | 0.338 |
| Statins | 111 (60.7) | 33 (71.1) | 29 (63.0) | 21 (45.7) | 28 (62.2) | 0.076 |
| Insulin | 15 (8.2) | 3 (6.5) | 5 (10.9) | 4 (8.7) | 3 (6.7) | 0.858 |
| Oral hypoglycemic agents | 39 (21.3) | 8 (17.4) | 12 (26.1) | 7 (15.2) | 12 (26.7) | 0.418 |
| Trimetazidine | 37 (20.2) | 7 (15.2) | 10 (21.7) | 11 (23.9) | 9 (20.0) | 0.760 |
| Calcium antagonists | 32 (17.5) | 8 (17.4) | 11 (23.9) | 7 (15.2) | 6 (13.3) | 0.568 |
| Laboratory test | ||||||
| NT-proBNP, pg/mL | 4264.0 (2449.0, 8054.0) | 3025.5 (1590.6, 5529.8) |
3525.0 (2156.8, 5250.3) | 5989.1 (2719.8, 9570.3) | 5167.3 (3191.5, 9483.0) | 0.001 |
| ALT, U/L | 28.0 (17.0, 43.0) | 22.0 (15.0, 34.3) | 26.0 (15.0, 35.0) | 31.0 (17.5, 45.0) | 36.0 (21.5,57.5) | 0.022 |
| AST, U/L | 39.0 (29.0, 59.0) | 32.5 (25.0, 49.3) | 38.5 (31.0, 58.0) | 39.0 (29.8, 52.0) | 46.0 (29.5, 69.5) | 0.051 |
| BUN, mmol/L | 8.4 (7.2, 9.6) | 8.3 (7.2, 9.5) | 8.8 (7.4, 9.7) | 8.8 (7.4, 9.7) | 7.7 (6.5, 9.0) | 0.135 |
| Creatinine, μmol/L | 91.0 (81.0, 98.0) | 92.0 (80.5, 99.0) | 90.5 (83.0, 100.0) | 92.0 (81.8, 98.0) | 88.0 (79.5, 96.5) | 0.669 |
| eGFR, mL/min·1.73 m2 | 66.9 ± 18.4 | 65.3 ± 20.2 | 65.4 ± 18.0 | 64.7 ± 17.5 | 72.3 ± 17.4 | 0.157 |
| Total cholesterol, mmol/L | 3.8 ± 1.0 | 4.1 ± 1.0 | 3.5 ± 1.0 | 3.8 ± 0.8 | 3.8 ± 1.0 | 0.032 |
| LDL-C, mmol/L | 2.0 ± 0.7 | 2.1 ± 0.7 | 1.7 ± 0.6 | 2.0 ± 0.5 | 2.0 ± 0.7 | 0.038 |
| HDL-C, mmol/L | 1.1 (0.9, 1.3) | 1.2 (1.0, 1.3) | 1.0 (0.9, 1.3) | 1.0 (0.9, 1.3) | 1.1 (0.8, 1.2) | 0.072 |
| Triglycerides, mmol/L | 1.0 (0.7, 1.3) | 1.0 (0.7, 1.5) | 1.0 (0.7, 1.3) | 0.9 (0.7, 1.2) | 1.0 (0.8, 1.5) | 0.622 |
| Fasting glucose, mmol/L | 5.2(4.7, 6.5) | 5.2(4.5, 5.8) | 5.4(4.7, 8.3) | 5.2(5.0, 5.9) | 5.2(4.7, 7.9) | 0.684 |
| TyG index | 8.4(8.1, 8.7) | 8.4(8.1, 9.0) | 8.5(8.0, 8.8) | 8.4(8.1, 8.6) | 8.5(8.1, 8.8) | 0.669 |
| HbA1c, % | 6.2 (5.8, 7.1) | 6.1 (5.8, 6.9) | 6.3 (5.7, 7.4) | 6.2 (5.7, 6.8) | 6.2 (5.9, 7.1) | 0.708 |
| Incidence of all-cause death or HF rehospitalization through the 1- year follow-up | 71 (38.8) | 12 (26.1) | 18 (39.1) | 17 (37.0) | 24 (53.3) | 0.066 |
Continuous variables are presented as median (interquartile range) or mean (standard deviation), Categorical variables are expressed as number (percentages). MAP, mean arterial pressure; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; NYHA, New York Heart Association; ACEI/ARB, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor/angiotensin receptor blocker; ARNI, angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitor; NT-proBNP, N-terminal pro brain natriuretic peptide; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate amino transferase; BUN, urea nitrogen; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TyG index, Triglyceride-glucose index; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin A1c. Bold font indicates statistical significance.