Fig. 1.

The transcriptional response to VNB photoporation and photothermal heating is limited and is both time- and modality-dependent. a Schematic illustration of the experimental procedure in which HeLa cells were either subjected to VNB or heating using non-targeting siRNA as cargo; b Principal component analysis (PCA) of the normalised gene counts (expressed as fragments per kilobase million, FPKM) for VNB, heating and CTR conditions at three time points; c Volcano plots show the fold change and the adjusted p value of individual differentially expressed genes (DEGs) 6 h (left) and 24 h (right) after VNB (top) and after heating (down). DEGs with greater than twofold change and adjusted p value < 0.05 are color-coded in red; d Venn diagrams illustrating the number of unique and shared DEGs when comparing VNB and heating 6 h pp (left) and 24 h pp (right). e Venn diagram showing the number of unique and shared gene ontology (GO) biological processes when comparing VNB and heating at 6 h pp (left) and 24 h pp (right). Underneath the Venn diagrams, the significance of enrichment in the list of DEGs is plotted for shared GO biological processes for VNB (blue) and heating (red)