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JAK/STAT3 activation induces a tumor immunosuppressive microenvironment. STAT3 increases expression of PD-L1, which suppresses the action of cytotoxic T cells. Upregulated secretion of IL-6 caused by activated STAT3 recruits myeloid-derived suppressor cells to the TME and suppresses the antitumor immune response. IL-6 shifts the Th1/Th2 balance toward a Th2 phenotype, further supporting a tumor immunosuppressive environment.
