Table 1.
Therapeutic targeting of MDSCs to improve the efficiency of ICB.
| Strategy | Target | Tumor types | Immunotherapy | Setting | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Blockade of recruitment | CCL5 | Melanoma and NSCLC | Anti-PD-1 | Preclinical | (72) |
| CXCL3 | Colorectal cancer (CRC) | Anti-PD-1 | Preclinical | (73) | |
| CXCR4 | Osteosarcoma, glioblastoma, and ovarian cancer | Anti-PD-1 | Preclinical | (74–76) | |
| CCR2 | Gliomas and CRC | Anti-PD-1 | Preclinical | (77, 78) | |
| IL-6 | Prostate cancer | Anti-PD-1 and anti-CTLA-4 | Preclinical | (79) | |
| CSF-1R | Breast cancer, colon cancer, and melanoma | Anti-CTLA-4 | Preclinical | (80) | |
| CSF-1R | Neuroblastoma, melanoma, and colon cancer | Anti-PD-1 or/and anti-CTLA-4 | Preclinical | (81, 82) | |
| CSF1 | Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) and CRC | Anti-PD-1 | Preclinical | (83) | |
| Lactate | Melanoma and CRC | Anti-PD-1 | Preclinical | (84) | |
| Inhibition of expansion | NLRP3/IL-1β signaling | Melanoma, PDAC, LLC, and renal cancer | Anti-PD-1 | Preclinical | (85–88) |
| NLRP3/IL-18 signaling | Lymphoma | Anti-PD-1 | Preclinical | (89) | |
| VEGF or TGF-β | Mesothelioma (MPM), LLC and melanoma | Anti-CTLA-4 or/and anti-PD-1 | Preclinical | (90–92) | |
| CD200R | PDAC | Anti-PD-1 | Preclinical | (92) | |
| Promotion of differentiation | Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) receptor 4 (EP4) | CRC, mammary carcinoma, fibrosarcoma, and PDAC | Anti-PD-1 or anti-CTLA-4 | Preclinical | (93–95) |
| Polyamine | Melanoma and mammary carcinoma | Anti-PD-1 | Preclinical | (96) | |
| All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) | Colon cancer and breast cancer | Anti-PD-1 | Preclinical | (97) | |
| ATRA | Melanoma | Anti-PD-1 | clinical | (98) | |
| HMGB1 | Breast cancer and NSCLC | Anti-PD-1 | Preclinical | (99) | |
| Inhibition of immunosuppressive function | NOX2 | Lymphoma and CRC | Anti-PD-1 | Preclinical | (100) |
| Aurora A | Breast cancer | Anti-PD-L1 | Preclinical | (101) | |
| Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) | Colon cancer | Anti-PD-1 | Preclinical | (102) | |
| PARP | mCRPC | Anti-PD-1 | clinical | (103) | |
| Histone deacetylase | Breast cancer, metastatic pancreatic cancer, lymphoma, melanoma, lung, and renal cell carcinoma | Anti-PD-1 and anti-CTLA-4 | Preclinical | (104–106) | |
| Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) | Osteosarcoma, colon, and oral cancer | Anti-PD-L1 | Preclinical | (107–109) | |
| Myeloid cell receptor tyrosine kinases | Melanoma | Anti-PD-1 | Preclinical | (110) | |
| Semaphorin4D | Oral cancer | Anti-PD-1 or anti-CTLA-4 | Preclinical | (111) | |
| TGF-β | Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) | Anti-PD-1 | Preclinical | (112) | |
| FATP2 | LLC and melanoma | Anti-PD-1 or anti-CTLA-4 | Preclinical | (113) |