TABLE 1.
Beneficial effects displayed by common probiotic Bifidobacteria and the mechanisms involved.
| Beneficial effects | Probiotic strains and the underlying possible mechanism | References |
|---|---|---|
| Antiinfection activity | B. longum ATCC 15708 may produce bacteriocins or bacteriocin-like compounds | Igbafe et al. (2020) |
| B. animalis AHC7 may attenuate proinflammatory transcription factor activation in response to infection | O'Mahony et al. (2010) | |
| B. longum ATCC 15707 inhibits pathogen growth by decreasing pH values | Yun et al. (2017) | |
| B. longum 51A activates Toll-like receptor-signaling pathway and tunes the inflammatory response | Vieira et al. (2016) | |
| B. longum subsp. infantis CECT 7210 and B. animalis subsp. lactis BPL6 produce peptides with protease activity and modulate host immune response by increasing IL-10 and IgA | Moreno Muñoz et al. (2011), Gardini et al. (2016), Barba-Vidal et al. (2017) | |
| Anti-virus activity | B. adolescentis SPM1605 inhibits the replication of Coxsackievirus B3 | Kim et al. (2014) |
| B. longum IBG may prevent viral adsorption | Botic et al. (2007); Colbère-Garapin et al. (2007); Lee et al. (2015) | |
| Anticancer activity | B. longum BCRC 910051 enhances phagocytosis and proliferation of macrophages | Foo et al. (2011) |
| The polysaccharide produced by B. bifidum BGN4 showed inhibitory effects on cancer cell lines | Ku et al. (2009) | |
| B. longum BB-536 may alter the physiological conditions in the colon, which further affects the metabolic activity of intestinal microflora | Reddy and Rivenson, (1993) | |
| anti-inflammation | The colonized B. breve M-16V may regulate immune balance and inflammatory response | Wong et al. (2019) |
| B. adolescentis IM38 inhibits NF-κB activation and lipopolysaccharide production | Lim and Kim, (2017) | |
| B. animalis MB5 can counteract neutrophil migration and partly reduce pathogen adhesion through regulating chemokine and cytokine expression | Roselli et al. (2006) | |
| B. lactis DN-173010 can decrease IL-1β level in gingival crevicular fluid | Kuru et al. (2017) | |
| B. lactis HN019 modulates the oral microbiota composition and reduces the magnitude of the inflammatory response | Oliveira et al. (2017), Ricoldi et al. (2017) | |
| B. animalis subsp. animalis IM386 assists in the digestion of lactose | Roškar et al. (2017) | |
| B. bifidum ATCC 29521 modulates NF-kB pathway and restores intestinal microbiome dysbiosis | Din et al. (2020) | |
| B. breve CECT7263 increases acetate and reduced trimethylamine production by gut microbiota | Robles Vera et al. (2020) | |
| B. breve BR03 and B. breve B632 decrease the production of pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α | Klemenak et al. (2015) | |
| B. longum BB536 inhibits the adherence of pathogens to intestinal epithelial cells | Matsumoto et al. (2008) | |
| B. longum W11 produces exopolysaccharides which increase the bacterial adhesion to the epithelium and increases intestinal motility | Di Pierro and Pane, (2021) | |
| B. longum infantis EVC001 prevents against enteric inflammation by decreasing proinflammatory cytokine release | Nguyen et al. (2021) | |
| Promoting psychological health | B. adolescentis 150 produces the inhibitory neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid | Yunes et al. (2020), Dinan et al. (2013) |
| B. adolescentis NK98 can regulate gut immune responses and microbiota composition | Jang et al. (2019) | |
| B. adolescentis IM38 can regulate the benzodiazepine site of the GABAA receptor or modulate stress-related cytokine | Jang et al. (2018) | |
| B. breve 1,205 probably induces metabolic changes via changing gut microbiota | Savignac et al. (2014) Allen et al. (2016) | |
| B. longum 1714™ modulates brain activity by regulating resting neural activity and neural responses | Allen et al. (2016), Savignac et al. (2014), Wang et al. (2019a) | |
| B. pseudocatenulatum CECT 7765 reduces nitric oxide release and regulates endocrine and immune mediators of the gut-brain axis | Moratalla et al. (2016), Mauricio et al. (2017), Agusti et al. (2018) | |
| Reducing fat accumulation | B. animalis subsp. lactis CECT 8145 increases Akkermansia genus population in the gut | Martorell et al. (2016), Caimari et al. (2017), Pedret et al. (2019) |
| B. animalis subsp. lactis 420 reduces translocation of gut microbes | Stenman et al. (2014) | |
| Facilitating the host nutrition adsorption | B. longum BB536 alters the gut microbial community | Sugahara et al. (2015) |
| Promoting bone health | B. longum ATCC 15707 elevates the expression of Sparc and Bmp-2 genes | Parvaneh et al. (2015), Rodrigues et al. (2012) |
| B. adolescentis ATCC 15703 inhibits fracture-induced systemic inflammation | Roberts et al. (2020) | |
| B. lactis HN019 inhibits the pathogen growth | Oliveira et al. (2017) | |
| Regulating host immune system | B. animalis subsp. lactis Bb-12 increased the levels of total IgA and anti-β-lactoglobulin IgA | Fukushima et al. (1999) |
| B. breve ATCC 15700 promotes the development of regulatory T cells | Zhang et al. (2010) | |
| B. animalis subsp. lactis HN019 promoted the phagocytic activity of peripheral blood leucocytes and peritoneal macrophages | Gill et al. (2000) | |
| B. longum subsp. infantis CCUG 52486 may promote NK cell activity and cytokine production | You and Yaqoob, (2012) | |
| Other benefits | A mixture of B. longum BB536 and B. pseudocatenulatum G4 can ameliorate cardiovascular symptoms by regulating cholesterol levels | Al-Sheraji et al. (2012) |
| A mixture of B. longum BB536, B. infantis M-63, and B. breve M-16 V ameliorates the allergen pollen-induced rhinitis symptoms probably by modulating the host innate immunity | Miraglia Del Giudice et al. (2017) | |
| B. pseudocatenulatum CECT 7765 restores vascular dysfunction by downregulating NO release | Mauricio et al. (2017) | |
| B. breve A1 prevents cognitive impairment in Alzheimer’s disease model mice by suppressing the expressions of some specific genes | Kobayashi et al. (2017) |