Table 2.

Major references connecting the gut microbiome with therapeutic agents for GD/GO.

Year	Study Type	Therapeutic Agent	Subjects	References
2020	Experimental	PTU	Adult male SD rat	Shin et al. (2020)
2020	Experimental	PTU/MMI	Adult female SD rat	Sun et al. (2020)
2020	Clinical	PTU/MMI	GD patient	Sun et al. (2020)
2021	Clinical	MMI	GD patient	Chen et al. (2021)
2021	Clinical	MMI	GD patient	Huo et al. (2021)
2011	Experimental	Stress (increased steroid)	Mouse	Bailey et al. (2011)
2018	Experimental	GCs	Bird	Noguera et al. (2018)
2019	Clinical	GCs	Patient with GC-induced obesity	Qiu et al. (2019)
2020	Experimental	GCs (short term)	Mouse	Zhao et al. (2020)
2020	Experimental	GCs (long term)	Mouse	Schepper et al. (2020)
2021	Clinical	AZA	Crohn’s disease patient	Effenberger et al. (2021)
2018	Experimental	MMF	Mouse	Flannigan et al. (2018)
2021	Experimental	MMF	Spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR)	Robles-Vera et al. (2021)
2019	Clinical	Anti-TNF-α antibody	Crohn’s disease patient	Yilmaz et al. (2019)
2021	Clinical	Anti-TNF-α antibody	Enteropathic arthritis patient	Ditto et al. (2021)
2021	Clinical	Anti-TNF-α antibody	Crohn’s disease patient	Effenberger et al. (2021)

AZA, azathioprine; GD, Graves’ disease; GCs, glucocorticoids; GO, Graves’ orbitopathy; MMI, methimazole; MMF, mycophenolate mofetil; PTU, propylthiouracil; TNF-α, antitumor necrosis factor-α.