Table 2.
Frequency of aPL in the general healthy population without APS diagnosis as reported in selected studies since 20001
| Author, year | Subjects | N of subjects | LAC (%) | aCL(%) | aCL- IgG(%) | aCL-IgM(%) | Anti-β2GPI (%) | Anti- β2GPI IgG (%) | Anti- β2GPI IgM (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Siemens, 2000 [53] | Healthy adults | 200 | NA | 7.3 | NA | NA | 6.7 | NA | NA |
| Rapizzi, 2000 [54] | Healthy children | 100 | NA | 27* | 26* | 1* | NA | NA | NA |
| Healthy adults | 100 | NA | 7* | 5* | 2* | NA | NA | NA | |
| Healthy elderly | 100 | NA | 16* | 12* | 4* | NA | NA | NA | |
| Ordi-Ros, 2000 [55] | Healthy controls | 100 | NA | 0 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Sthoeger, 2000 [56] | Healthy controls | 50 | NA | 0 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Brey, 2001 [57] | Healthy men | 1360 | NA | NA | 12.1 | 4.4 | 1.9 | NA | NA |
| Brey, 2002 [44] | Healthy women | 340 | 12.8 | 18 | 8 | 9 | NA | NA | NA |
| Avcin, 2001 [58] | Healthy children | 61 | NA | 11.4 | 11.4 | NA | 6.6 | 3.3 | NA |
| Blood donors | 52 | NA | 9.6 | 5.7 | NA | 7.7 | 1.9 | NA | |
| Cabiedes, 2001 [59] | Healthy Children | 360 | NA | NA | 2.2 | 4.1 | NA | 3 | 3.3 |
|
Harrison, 2002 [60] |
Healthy elderly (> 50 years) | 200 | NA | 2 | 1.5 | 0.5 | NA | 1.5 | 0 |
| Mclntyre, 2003 [61] | Blood donors | 775 | NA | 2.6 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Palomo, 2003 [62] | Healthy controls | 52 | 0 | 3.8 | NA | NA | 1.9 | NA | NA |
| Meroni, 2004 [24] | Centenarians | 77 | NA | NA | 20 | 2.5 | NA | 54.3 | 8.6 |
| Pusterla, 2004 [31] | Healthy controls | 100 | 1 | 7 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Urbanus, 2009 [45] | Healthy women | 628 | 0.6 | NA | 1 | NA | NA | 1 | NA |
| Font, 2011 [63] | Healthy controls | 8 | 0 | NA | 0 | 0.4 | 0 | 0.4 | 0 |
| Silver, 2013 [38] | Healthy women with live births | 1547 | NA | NA | 1.1 | 3.1 | NA | 0.6 | 1.9 |
| Gibbins, 2018 [39] | Healthy women with uneventful pregnancies | 148 | 1.4 | NA | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Foddai, 2020 [36] | Healthy women with uneventful pregnancies | 100 | NA | NA | 2 | NA | NA | 1 | NA |
*Cut-off value for aCL IgG and IgM were 11.6 and 7.5, respectively
LAC Lupus anticoagulant, aCL anticardiolipin antibody, anti-β2GPI anti-b2 glycoprotein antibodies, USA United States of America
1PubMed was utilized to search for antiphospholipid antibodies/aPL and the various complications (malignancy, cancer; general population, healthy, blood donors; infection, HCV, COVID19, viral, bacterial, parasitic). Included only studies that reported the frequency of the different aPL and were published in 2000 or later