TABLE 3.
The estimated prevalence (95% CI) of iodine, dietary iron, iron, zinc, and vitamin A deficiency and the associated global burden as estimated in the GBD Study for the year 20191
| Iodine deficiency2 | Dietary iron deficiency3 | Iron deficiency4 | Zinc deficiency5 | Vitamin A deficiency6 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prevalence of deficiency | |||||
| Ages 1–4 y | 0.0011 (0.0007, 0.0016) | 0.29 (0.27, 0.30) | — | 0.09 (0.03, 0.18) | 0.16 (0.14, 0.17) |
| All ages | 0.024 (0.019, 0.029) | 0.14 (0.14, 0.15) | — | n/a | 0.063 (0.061, 0.066) |
| Deaths (thousands) due to deficiency | — | — | 42 (15, 70) | 2.8 (0.7, 6.5) | 24 (3, 50) |
| YLDs (thousands) due to deficiency | 2439 (1373, 4239) | 28,535 (19,128, 41,139) | 28,798 (19,425, 41,492) | 17 (5, 39) | 1222 (833, 1711) |
| DALYs (thousands) due to deficiency | 2439 (1373, 4239) | 28,535 (19,128, 41,139) | 31,263 (21,272, 43,987) | 259 (67, 597) | 3297 (1347, 5594) |
| SEV due to deficiency | — | — | 19.57 (18.11, 21.12) | 8.78 (2.89, 17.60) | 15.01 (13.55, 16.86) |
| Total DALYs due to deficiency, % | 0.10% (0.06%, 0.16%) | 1.12% (0.80%, 1.51%) | 1.20% (0.91%, 1.60%) | 0.01% (0.003%, 0.02%) | 0.13% (0.06%, 0.22%) |
For the GBD Study 2019 see (57, 58). DALY, disability-adjusted life-year; GBD, Global Burden of Disease; n/a, not available; SEV, summary exposure value; YLD, year lived with disability.
Iodine deficiency modeled based on visible goiter.
Risk exposure for dietary iron deficiency modeled based on hemoglobin concentration below the anemia cutoff after accounting for other known anemia causes, and after accounting for known causes of iron deficiency (such as hookworm, schistosomiasis, upper gastrointestinal bleeding, and gynecologic conditions).
Risk exposure for iron deficiency modeled based on hemoglobin concentration below the anemia cutoff after accounting for other known anemia causes.
Zinc deficiency modeled based on dietary zinc inadequacy estimated from dietary surveys and FAO Supply Utilization Accounts. The GBD estimates for zinc deficiency are modeled for children aged 1–4 y only.
Vitamin A deficiency defined as serum retinol concentration < 70 μmol/L.