Table 2.
Biochemical characteristics of participants at baseline (1st visit, v1) and the final visit (4th visit, v4).
| Assay | Placebo (n = 17) | Empagliflozin (n = 18) | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adiponectin (mcg/mL) | v1 | 7.1 ± 1.1 | 8.4 ± 1.7 | 0.512 |
| v4 | 8.1 ± 1.6 | 7.5 ± 1.0 | 0.708 | |
| ALT (U/L) | v1 | 23.6 ± 2.8 | 24.4 ± 3.3 | 0.866 |
| v4 | 20.9 ± 1.8 | 21.0 ± 2.4 | 0.953 | |
| C-reactive protein (mg/dL) | v1 | 1.2 ± 0.6 | 0.5 ± 0.1 | 0.213 |
| v4 | 2.9 ± 1.2 | 0.9 ± 0.5 | 0.118 | |
| FFAs (mmol/L) | v1 | 0.7 ± 0.1 | 0.6 ± 0.0 | 0.145 |
| v4 | 0.6 ± 0.1 | 0.6 ± 0.1 | 0.610 | |
| FGF21 (ng/mL)a | v1 | 1.02 ± 0.15 | 1.22 ± 0.11 | 0.265 |
| v4 | 1.45 ± 0.26 | 1.18 ± 0.20 | 0.423 | |
| Glucagon (pmol/L) | v1 | 3.5 ± 0.9 | 2.2 ± 0.9 | 0.467 |
| v4 | 3.9 ± 1.0 | 2.7 ± 0.6 | 0.278 | |
| Glucose (mmol/L)b | v1 | 5.3 ± 0.2 | 5.3 ± 0.1 | 0.977 |
| v4 | 5.4 ± 0.1 | 5.2 ± 0.1 | 0.178 | |
| Glycerol (ng/μL) | v1 | 15.4 ± 0.9 | 17.6 ± 2.4 | 0.386 |
| v4 | 15.7 ± 0.3 | 15.5 ± 0.3 | 0.909 | |
| HbA1c (%) | v1 | 5.9 ± 0.1 | 5.6 ± 0.1 | 0.073 |
| v4 | 5.8 ± 0.1 | 5.4 ± 0.1 | 0.012 | |
| HOMA-IR | v1 | 3.6 ± 0.6 | 2.6 ± 0.4 | 0.183 |
| v4 | 3.5 ± 0.6 | 2.7 ± 0.5 | 0.344 | |
| Insulin (μIU/mL) | v1 | 15.8 ± 2.4 | 11.0 ± 1.4 | 0.084 |
| v4 | 14.5 ± 2.5 | 11.4 ± 1.8 | 0.333 | |
| Norepinephrine (pg/mL) | v1 | 402 ± 50 | 400 ± 41 | 0.975 |
| v4 | 476 ± 102 | 439 ± 60 | 0.640 | |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L) | v1 | 1.31 ± 0.15 | 1.17 ± 0.13 | 0.474 |
| v4 | 1.13 ± 0.14 | 1.39 ± 0.23 | 0.346 | |
Values are mean ± SE. Abbreviations: ALT, alanine aminotransferase; FFAs, free fatty acids; FGF21, fibroblast growth factor 21; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance.
a
FGF21, n = 7–9 in each group.
b
Glucose was measured twice.