Table 1.

Diverse functions of many PD-related gene products in a number of cellular pathways, including mitophagy

Gene	Genetic functions	Regulatory role in the mitophagy and PD	References
α-Synuclein	Accumulated in Lewy bodies and its pathogenic aggregation negatively affects mitophagy	Impairing membrane engulfing process and ultimately leading to the dysfunction in autophagy and mitochondrial clearance	Guhathakurta S et al.
			Sugiura A et al.
Parkin	Acts as an E3 ubiquitin ligase which interacts with PINK1 and recruits Ub chains to target substrate to activate mitophagy	Amplifies a damage detection signal from PINK1 by facilitating ubiquitin chain formation	Narendra DP et al.
			McLelland GL et al.
DJ-1	Acts as a redox sensor to regulate autophagy as well as mitochondrial dynamics	Knockdown of DJ-1 recruits the parkin in PINK1/parkin-dependent mitophagy to maintain mitochondrial function	Thomas KJ et al.
			Joselin AP et al.
LRRK2	Large multifunctional protein containing the kinase and GTPase domain and regulates mitophagy	G2019S mutant upregulates intracellular α-synuclein level for altering the lysosome morphology and reduces the mitophagy	Walter J et al.
			Obergasteiger J et al.
BAG5	Regulates both cell death and survival pathway; BAG5 enhances dopaminergic neurodegeneration and physically interacts with parkin	BAG5 suppresses the parkin recruitment to damaged mitochondria, consequently reducing mitophagy; it also interacts with PINK1	Kalia SK et al.
			De Snoo ML et al.
			Wang X et al.
Miro1	Regulates mitochondrial homeostasis, apoptosis, and mediates mitochondrial motility	Knockdown of Miro1 reduces the translocation of parkin and finally down-regulates the mitophagy	Berenguer-Escuder C et al.
			Safiulina D et al.