Table 1.
Summary of antimicrobial blue light killing of microbes as determined by numerous studies published 2017 -present
| Microbes | Wavelength (nm) | Radiant exposure (J/cm2) | Viability loss | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| S. pyogenes | 405 nm | 36 - 50 J/cm2 | 99.99 - 99.999999% | [37,81] |
| N. gonorrhoeae | 405 nm | 45 – 108 J/cm2 | 99.99999% | [49,50] |
| E. coli | 405 - 420 nm | 59 - 603 J/cm2 | 90 - 99.999% | [23,27,29,33,34,60,75] |
| 445 nm | 540 J/cm2 | <90% | [34] | |
| S. aureus | 400 - 420 nm | 50 - 841 J/cm2 | 71 - >99.999% | [17,23,27,37,38,54,68,76,80,81] |
| 450 nm (pulsed) | 4.5 - 7.6 J/cm2 | 80 - 100% | [47] | |
| 470 nm | 603.44 J/cm2 | 80% | [65] | |
| S. carnosus | 405 - 440 nm | 70 – 270 J/cm2 | 90 - 99.9% | [52,62] |
| 450 – 470 nm | 210 -500 J/cm2 | 99 - 99.9% | [53,62] | |
| S. epidermidis | 405 nm | 50 – 122 J/cm2 | 99- 99.999% | [37,81] |
| S. agalactiae | 450 nm (pulsed | 22.8 J/cm2 | 5.5 - 11% | [105] |
| P. aeruginosa | 405 - 415 nm | 10 – 463 J/cm2 | >90 - 100% | [17,23,27,69,75,81,89] |
| 470 nm | 603.44 J/cm2 | 65% | [20] | |
| P. gingivalis | 405 nm | 60 J/cm2 | 64.5% | [2] |
| S. typhimurium | 413 nm | 463.38 J/cm2 | 99.9% | [27] |
| S. enteritidis | 405 nm | 729 J/cm2 | >99.9999 | [28] |
| A. actinomycetemcomitans | 405 nm | 60 J/cm2 | 49.7% | [40] |
| M. fortuitum | 405 – 413 nm | 240 – 583.5 J/cm2 | 93 - 99.999% | [17,27] |
| C. jejuni | 405 nm | 24 J/cm2 | 81.82% | [51] |
| 463 nm | 24 J/cm2 | 99.81% | [51] | |
| P. fluorescens | 400 - 420 nm | 99 - 420 J/cm2 | >99 – 100% | [18,19,62] |
| 450 - 470 nm | 500 - 604.8 J/cm2 | 90 - 99.9% | [62] [63] [19] | |
| M. catarrhalis | 405 nm | 216 J/cm2 | 99.99% | [46,47] |
| P. acnes | 450 nm (pulsed) | 20 – 45 J/cm2 | 100% | [46,47] |
| C. sakazakii | 415 nm | 240 J/cm2 | 99.999999% | [67] |
| S. cerevisiae | 405 nm | 182 J/cm2 | 90% | [22] |
| 450 nm | 526 J/cm2 | 90% | [22] | |
| T. cruzi | 405 nm | 270 J/cm2 | >99% | [39] |
| C. albicans | 405 - 415 nm | 50 – 108 J/cm2 | >80 - 99.9999% | [72,81,90] |
| 450 nm | 360 J/cm2 | >80% | [72] | |
| C. vaginitis | 405 – 415 nm | 225 J/cm2 | >99.9% | [79] |
| 470 nm | 360 J/cm2 | 23.44% | [79] | |
| Prototheca Spp. | 410 nm | 137 – 320 J/cm2 | 99 -99.0% | [25] |
| K. pneumoniae | 410 nm | 108 – 1903 J/cm2 | 66.1 - 100% | [26,81,87] |
| E. moraviensis | 405 nm | 200 J/cm2 | 90% | [58] |
| 450 nm | 750 J/cm2 | 90% | [58] | |
| E. faecium | 405 nm | 540 J/cm2 | 99.99% | [81] |
| L. monocytogenes | 460 – 470 nm | 604.8 J/cm2 | >99.999% | [63] |
| A. baumannii | 405 nm | 144 - 270 J/cm2 | 99.99 - 99.9999 | [75,81,86] |
| A. flavus | 405 nm | 540 J/cm2 | <90% | [91] |
| A. fumigatus | 405 nm | 540 J/cm2 | <90% | [91] |
| F. oxysporum | 405 nm | 540 J/cm2 | <90% | [91] |
| B. cereus | 405 nm | 50 J/cm2 | 99.9% | [37] |
| S. mutans | 405 nm | 340 – 831 J/cm2 | 48 - 54% | [42] |
| L. rubrilucens | 450 – 470 nm | 300 – 500 J/cm2 | >99.999% | [21] |
| Enterococcus Spp. | 405 nm | 360 J/cm2 | 99.999% | [81] |
| SARS-CoV-2 | 450 - 470 nm | 144 J/cm2 | >99% | [56] |
| Phi6 | 405 nm | 1400 J/cm2 | 99.9% | [58] |