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. 2021 Oct 29;9(1):2102021. doi: 10.1002/advs.202102021

Figure 2.

Figure 2

Shear‐induced initiation of nanopores on cell membrane by acoustic microstreaming vortices. A) Basic design structure of LCAT technology incorporated by AESOP for shear‐induced small pore formation; LCATs are arrays of acoustically actuated air‐liquid interfaces generated using dead‐end side channels, B) Microscope image of K562 cells trapped in acoustic microstreaming vortices generated by LCAT, C) PTV analysis results of K562 cells orbiting in acoustic microstreaming vortices (PZT voltage = 6V), D) Cells’ maximum velocity orbiting in micro‐vortices; the maximum velocity is reached near the air‐liquid interface, and is proportional to the PZT applied voltage, E–G) Shear‐induced delivery of small molecules into (E) HeLa, (F) K562, and (G) Jurkat cells at three different operational modes: “low shear (LS)” (PZT voltage = 2V), “moderate shear (MS)” (PZT voltage = 6V), and “high shear (HS)” (PZT voltage = 10V). Quantitative data were presented as mean ± SE. For all experiments, sample size n = 3. *P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001, and ****P<0.0001 were determined by Tukey's honest significant difference criterion.