Fig. 10.

Overview of the staging of AD-associated changes of examined structures volume (mm³), number of neurons and NFTs (million), and amyloid load (%) in the entorhinal cortex (EC), cornu Ammonis sector 1 (CA1), subiculum (Sub), amygdala (Amyg), and thalamus (Th) in DS subjects 26–41, 43–49, 51–59, and 61–72 years of age. Graphs illustrate structure-specific staging of brain structures volume and neuronal number decline paralleled with the growth of the number of neurons with NFTs and increase of amyloid load associated with functional decline, including onset and progression of dementia in the fifth/sixth decades of life of subjects with trisomy 21. The upper and lower boundaries of the box represent interquartile range (IQR). The mean value is marked with the horizontal line within the box. The “whiskers” mark the maximal and minimal values unless any data point lies more than 1.5 times the IQR above the 75th percentile or below the 25th percentile. Outliers are marked with dots