Table 5.
Estimated AD-associated volume loss (mm3 and %) in three age/AD stages in DS
| Structure/ subdivision | Volume loss in 43- to 49-y- old DS subjects, N = 4 (no signs or mild dementia) | Volume loss in 51-to 59-y-old DS subjects, N = 17 (prevalence of moderately severe dementia) | Volume lost in 61-to 72- y- old DS subjects, N = 8 (prevalence of severe dementia) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Volume- difference between 26–41 y and 43–49 y old | Volume loss (%) | p < | Volume difference between 43–49 y and 51–59 y old | Volume loss (%) | p < | Volume difference between 51–59 y and 61–72 y old | Volume loss (%) | p < | |
| Entorhinal cortex.—all layers | 0.3 | 0.1 | ns | 181.8 | 29.7 | 0.0001*** | 67.6 | 11.0 | 0.036* |
| Entorhinal cortex—islands | 5.9 | 18.3 | ns | 19.7 | 61.1 | 0.0001*** | 0.4 | 1.2 | ns |
| CA1 | 73.6 | 22.1 | 0.009** | 53.9 | 16.2 | 0.036* | 56.0 | 16.8 | 0.005** |
| CA2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | – | 8.5 | 19.9 | 0.014* | 2.4 | 5.6 | ns |
| CA3 | 6.6 | 15.2 | ns | 4.5 | 10.4 | ns | – | 0.0 | ns |
| CA4 | 11.5 | 17.6 | 0.045* | – | – | – | 15.2 | 23.2 | ns |
| Subiculum | 15.4 | 9.8 | 0.022* | 41.0 | 26.1 | 0.002** | 21.7 | 13.8 | 0.036* |
| Amygdala | – | – | – | 43.0 | 10.2 | 0.050* | 67.6 | 16.1 | 0.005** |
| Thalamus | 427.9 | 14.3 | ns | 101.1 | 3.3 | ns | 459.1 | 15.2 | 0.036* |
| Substantia nigra | 27.1 | 21.4 | 0.0009*** | 10.6 | 8.3 | 0.035* | 14.0 | 11.1 | 0.034* |
| MBC | – | – | – | 36.5 | 23.6 | 0.009** | 42.3 | 27.3 | 0.007 ** |
| Caudate nucleus | 575.3 | 25.3 | ns | 222.0 | 9.7 | ns | – | 0.0 | ns |
| Cerebellar cortex: molecular and granule cells layer | 1767.0 | 18.0 | 0.033* | 93.3 | 0.9 | ns | – | 0.0 | ns |
| Dentate nucleus | 42.5 | 15.7 | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Cumulative volume loss in 43–49 y of age DS subjects: 2,953.1 mm3 | Mean volume loss: 12.7% | Cumulative volume loss in 51–59 y of age DS subjects: 816.0 mm3 | Mean volume loss: 15.7% | Cumulative volume loss in 61–72 y of age DS subjects: 746.3 mm3 | Mean volume loss: 10.1% | ||||
Structure-specific AD-associated volume loss (%) calculated in all three stages/age groups in reference to baseline volume in DS subjects 26–41 years of age (100%) who are affected by developmental deficits but not, or in limited range, by pre-AD pathology. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001
MBC = magnocellular basal complex
Volume of the molecular and granule cells layer of the cerebellar cortex was measured to estimate total number of Purkinje cells dispersed in the border zone between these layers