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. 2022 Jan 5;21:1. doi: 10.1186/s12937-021-00755-9

Table 3.

Hazard ratios (95% CI) of CVD by total choline and betaine tertile

Dietary intake Tertile 1 Tertile 2 Tertile 3 P trend Continuous P trend
Total choline intake
 Person years 9524 9418 9489 28,431
 No. of cases 63 69 55 187
 Median (mg/d) 176 228 289 Per 50 mg/d
 Age and sex-adjusted model 1 0.98 (0.70–1.36) 0.80 (0.56–1.14) 0.22 0.93 (0.84–1.04) 0.21
aMultivariate-adjusted model 1 0.97 (0.67–1.39) 0.80 (0.56–1.23) 0.31 0.94 (0.83–1.07) 0.39
Betaine intake
 Person years 9534 9497 9401 28,431
 No. of cases 57 56 74 187
 Median (mg/d) 56.4 80.7 110 Per 25 mg/d
 Age and sex-adjusted model 1 0.99 (0.69–1.41) 0.96 (0.68–1.35) 0.82 0.97 (0.88–1.07) 0.59
bMultivariate-adjusted model 1 1.07 (0.72–1.58) 0.96 (0.64–1.44) 0.83 0.95 (0.85–1.07) 0.45

Cox proportional hazards regression was conducted

aAdjusted for sex, age, smoking, BMI, total energy intake, FSG, TG/HDL, meat, fruit, vegetable, and oil

bAdjusted for sex, age, smoking, BMI, total energy intake, FSG, TG/HDL, SBP, fruit, oil, and fiber