Table 1.
Characteristics of the included cases and controls
| Characteristics | Number of cases (%) | Number of controls (%) | Unadjusted ORs (95% CI) |
Adjusted ORs* (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | ||||
| < 60 | 526 (19.8) | 2112 (19.9) | NA | NA |
| 60–69 | 570 (21.5) | 2283 (21.5) | NA | NA |
| 70–79 | 872 (32.9) | 3500 (33.0) | NA | NA |
| 80 + | 685 (25.8) | 2717 (25.6) | NA | NA |
| Sex | ||||
| Male | 1245 (46.9) | 4980 (46.9) | NA | NA |
| Female | 1408 (53.1) | 5632 (53.1) | NA | NA |
| BMI (kg/m2) | ||||
| < 18.5 | 23 (0.9) | 81 (0.8) | 1.42 (0.93–2.18) | 1.30 (0.82–2.07) |
| 18.5 to < 25.0 | 340 (12.8) | 1779 (16.8) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
| 25.0 to < 30.0 | 770 (29.0) | 3705 (34.9) | 1.12 (0.99–1.28) | 1.15 (1.01–1.31) |
| 30.0 to < 35.0 | 742 (28.0) | 2823 (26.6) | 1.47 (1.28–1.68) | 1.46 (1.28–1.67) |
| 35.0 to < 40.0 | 371 (14.0) | 1208 (11.4) | 1.80 (1.54–2.11) | 1.72 (1.47–2.02) |
| ≥ 40.0 | 343 (12.9) | 749 (7.1) | 2.82 (2.39–3.34) | 2.65 (2.24–3.15) |
| Unknown | 64 (2.4) | 267 (2.5) | 1.26 (0.96–1.67) | 1.30 (0.95–1.79) |
| Smoking status | ||||
| Non-smoker | 1001 (37.7) | 4301 (40.5) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
| Current smoker | 304 (11.5) | 1257 (11.9) | 1.04 (0.91–1.19) | 1.00 (0.87–1.14) |
| Ex-smoker | 1312 (49.5) | 4908 (46.3) | 1.16 (1.07–1.27) | 1.05 (0.96–1.15) |
| Unknown | 36 (1.4) | 146 (1.4) | 1.04 (0.74–1.47) | 1.04 (0.71–1.54) |
| No. of HbA1c measurements in the medical history before the index date | ||||
| 1–4 | 946 (35.7) | 4006 (37.8) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
| 5–9 | 1087 (41.0) | 4375 (41.2) | 1.06 (0.96–1.19) | 1.06 (0.95–1.19) |
| 10 or more | 365 (13.8) | 1343 (12.7) | 1.19 (1.02–1.40) | 1.06 (0.90–1.26) |
| No Recording | 255 (9.6) | 886 (8.4) | 1.26 (1.06–1.50) | 1.30 (1.08–1.55) |
| Comorbidities | ||||
| Inflammatory bowel disease | 107 (4.0) | 204 (1.9) | 2.17 (1.76–2.66) | 1.82 (1.47–2.25) |
| Chronic renal failure | 223 (8.4) | 626 (5.9) | 1.51 (1.31–1.75) | 1.26 (1.08–1.46) |
| Diabetic retinopathy | 835 (31.5) | 3090 (29.1) | 1.17 (1.07–1.29) | 1.20 (1.08–1.32) |
| Asthma | 564 (21.3) | 1718 (16.2) | 1.41 (1.29–1.55) | 1.04 (0.93–1.15) |
| Congestive heart failure (CHF) | 315 (11.9) | 712 (6.7) | 1.93 (1.71–2.19) | 1.53 (1.34–1.76) |
| Ischemic heart disease (IHD) | 690 (26.0) | 2189 (20.6) | 1.38 (1.26–1.51) | 1.21 (1.08–1.35) |
| Myocardial infarction (MI) | 293 (11.0) | 996 (9.4) | 1.21 (1.07–1.37) | 0.93 (0.80–1.07) |
| Stroke | 358 (13.5) | 1220 (11.5) | 1.21 (1.08–1.35) | 1.19 (1.05–1.34) |
| Arterial hypertension | 1697 (60.4) | 6866 (64.7) | 0.97 (0.89–1.05) | 0.93 (0.85–1.01) |
| Peripheral arterial disease | 139 (5.2) | 340 (3.2) | 1.68 (1.41–2.01) | 1.52 (1.26–1.84) |
| Osteoarthritis | 985 (37.1) | 3057 (28.8) | 1.52 (1.40–1.65) | 1.37 (1.25–1.50) |
| Rheumatoid arthritis | 94 (3.5) | 226 (2.1) | 1.69 (1.37–2.08) | 1.29 (1.03–1.62) |
| Hyperlipidemia | 657 (24.8) | 2640 (24.9) | 0.99 (0.91–1.09) | 0.91 (0.83–1.00) |
| Cardiovascular disease | 2033 (76.6) | 7916 (74.6) | 1.14 (1.03–1.25) | 1.05 (0.90–1.24) |
| Co-medication ** | ||||
| Insulin | 345 (13.0) | 820 (7.7) | 1.93 (1.67–2.23) | 1.63 (1.38–1.92) |
| Glitazones | 367 (13.8) | 1227 (11.6) | 1.28 (1.12–1.47) | 1.09 (0.94–1.26) |
| Sulfonylurea | 1009 (38.0) | 3651 (34.4) | 1.22 (1.10–1.34) | 1.12 (0.99–1.26) |
| Metformin | 1621 (61.1) | 6537 (61.6) | 0.97 (0.88–1.07) | 0.64 (0.41–1.01) |
| GLP1 | 81 (3.1) | 240 (2.3) | 1.44 (1.09–1.90) | 0.94 (0.70–1.27) |
| DPP4 | 224 (8.4) | 926 (8.7) | 0.96 (0.81–1.13) | 0.84 (0.71–1.00) |
| SGLT2 | 43 (1.6) | 170 (1.6) | 1.01 (0.71–1.46) | 0.99 (0.68–1.44) |
| All oral antidiabetics | 1814 (68.4) | 7142 (67.3) | 1.06 (0.96–1.17) | 1.17 (0.95–1.43) |
| Statins | 1941 (73.2) | 8077 (76.1) | 0.81 (0.72–0.91) | 0.74 (0.66–0.84) |
| Bisphosphonates | 340 (12.8) | 850 (8.0) | 1.79 (1.55–2.06) | 1.49 (1.28–1.74) |
| Contraceptive pill | 53 (2.0) | 263 (2.5) | 0.72 (0.50–1.03) | 0.77 (0.53–1.12) |
| Hormone replacement therapy | 392 (14.8) | 1626 (15.3) | 0.94 (0.82–1.09) | 0.89 (0.77–1.03) |
| Corticosteroids (systemic) | 975 (36.8) | 2612 (24.6) | 1.84 (1.67–2.02) | 1.55 (1.40–1.71) |
| Coronary vasodilators | 888 (33.5) | 2797 (26.4) | 1.43 (1.30–1.57) | 1.22 (1.07–1.39) |
| Low dose acetylsalicylic acid | 1556 (58.7) | 5991 (56.5) | 1.11 (1.01–1.22) | 0.95 (0.86–1.06) |
| Loop diuretics | 1152 (43.4) | 2875 (27.1) | 2.24 (2.04–2.46) | 1.69 (1.52–1.88) |
| All diuretics | 1854 (69.9) | 6323 (59.6) | 1.73 (1.56–1.91) | 1.52 (1.36–1.70) |
*Adjusted for BMI (categorical), smoking (categorical), CHF, IHD, MI, stroke, hypertension, osteoarthritis, and use of insulin, bisphosphonate, systemic corticosteroids, low-dose acetylsalicylic acid, current and past use of metformin, and current and past use of sulfonylureas
**Use of other medication possible