Figure - PMC

Skip to main content

An official website of the United States government

Here's how you know

Here's how you know

Official websites use .gov
A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.

Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock ( ) or https:// means you've safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.

View full-text article in PMC

. 2022 Jan 4;19:4. doi: 10.1186/s12974-021-02354-1

Search in PMC
Search in PubMed
View in NLM Catalog
Add to search

© The Author(s) 2021

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

PMC Copyright notice

Fig. 2 — Schematic diagram of neuroinflammatory changes seen in and postulated in human and animals with intestinal inflammation. Circulating inflammatory mediators enter into brain parenchyma through the suggested mechanisms whereby they may modulate local glia populations such as the microglia. Microglia can impact the various neurobiological correlates of depression including neurodegeneration, serotonin biosynthesis, and hippocampal neurogenesis. 5-HT 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin); BDNF brain-derived neurotrophic factor; CCL2 chemokine (C–C motif) ligand 2; CNS central nervous system; COX cyclooxygenase; CVO circumventricular organ; EC endothelial cells; Glu glutamate; IDO indoleamine-pyrrole 2,3-dioxygenase; IL interleukin; NO nitric oxide; NOS nitric oxide synthase; PGE2 prostaglandin E2; PVN perivascular macrophages; QA quinolinic acid; ROS reactive oxygen species; TJ tight junction; TNF tumour necrosis factor; TNFR1 tumour necrosis factor receptor-1; TRP tryptophan