Table 1.
Demographics of included studies
| Authors and year | Study design | Study Location | Sampling method | Outcome | Study setting | Mean time in host nation | Education Level | Marital status | Employment | No. of traumatic events | Age mean (SD) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ahmad et al., 2020 [27] | Longitudinal | Canada | Snowballing, public announcements | Predictors of depression-level symptoms at baseline and one-year post-resettlement | Community | M = 13.4 months (SD = 5.5 months) | 28.8% (n = 554) university level or higher, 44.7% (n = 860) secondary/high school, 26.5% (n = 509) none/primary school | 22.1% (n = 425) single, 72.2% (n = 1384) married, 5.7% (n = 109) separated/divorced/widowed | 23.3% (n = 448) employed, 76.7% (n = 1476) unemployed | N/A | 38.5 (13.8) |
| Al Ibraheem et al., 2017 [28] | Cross-sectional | Netherlands | Snowballing or chain referral sampling | Effects of trauma on the physical and mental health of Syrian refugees | Community | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | M = 6.5, SD = 3.2 | 32.9 (6.9) |
| Chung et al., 2018 [19] | Cross-sectional | Sweden | Convenience | Relationship between trauma exposure, trauma centrality, emotional suppression, and psychiatric comorbidity | Community | M = 15.5 months (SD = 12.2 months) | 60.3% (n = 340) university, 39.2% (n = 221) secondary school, n = 3 did not attend school | 53.2% (n = 300) married, 43.1% (n = 243) single, 3.7% (n = 21) divorced/separated | 100% (n = 564) unemployed | M = 8.4, SD = 4.5 | 35.3 (11.8) |
| Euteneuer et al., 2018 [29] | Cross-sectional | Germany | Convenience | Subjective social mobility and depressive symptoms | Community | M = 11.4 months (SD = 7.0 months) | M = 13.6 years, SD = 2.7 | N/A | N/A | N/A | 28.8 (8.2) |
| Georgiadou et al., 2018 [30] | Cross-sectional | Erlangen, Germany | Registry-based | Mental distress | Community | M = 23.3 months (SD = 6.5 months) | M = 10.2 years, SD = 4.5; 6% (n = 12) no education, 24.5% (n = 49) primary education, 42% (n = 84) secondary education, 22% (n = 44) tertiary education | 59.5% (n = 119) married, 37% (n = 74) single, 3.5% (n = 7) divorced/widowed | 100% (n = 518) unemployed | M = 2.3, SD = 2.4 | 33.3 (10.6) |
| Javanbakht et al., 2019 [31] | Cross-sectional | USA | Recruited at mandatory 1 month health screening | Brief mental health screening for three common psychiatric consequences of exposure to stress and trauma | Community | N/A | 7.8% (n = 12) college, 52.6% (n = 81) high school, 32.5% (n = 50) elementary/middle school, 7.1% (n = 11) illiterate | 74.4% (n = 116) married, 20.5% (n = 32) single, 1.9% (n = 3) divorced, 3.2% (n = 5) widowed | 100% (n = 157) unemployed | N/A | 36.1 (11.4) |
| Lies et al., 2020 [32] | Longitudinal | Australia | Snowballing | Post-migration stress, mental health (PTSD, anxiety, depression), and sleep symptoms | Community | M = 29.7 months (SD = 6.4 months) | 25% (n = 17) primary school; 47.5% (n = 33) secondary education; 27.5% (n = 19) tertiary education | 66.7% (n = 46) married; 24.6% (n = 17) single; 8.7% (n = 6) widowed | 5.8% (n = 4) employed, 94.2% (n = 65) unemployed | M = 16.9, SD = 5.6 | 45.6 (15.9) |
| M’zah et al., 2019 [33] | Cross-sectional | Atlanta, USA | Convenience | Post migration stressors and mental health condition symptoms | Community | M = 11 months | 36% (n = 9) secondary education, 28% (n = 7) tertiary education | 92% (n = 23) married, 4% (n = 1) single, 4% (n = 1) widowed) | 48% (n = 12) employed, 52% (n = 13) unemployed | M = 5.8 | 37.5 (9.4) |
| Strømme et al., 2020 [34] | Cross-sectional | Norway | Convenience | Health status and associations between migration related exposures and both chronic pain and mental health | Community | M = 1.5 years (SD = 1 year) | M = 11.2 years, SD = 4 years | 44% (n = 138) single, 50% (n = 156) married, 5% (n = 16) separated/divorced/widowed, 2% (n = 5) other | N/A | 40% sample experienced a traumatic event | 31.2 (8.9) |
| Tinghög et al., 2017 [35] | Cross-sectional, population-based | Sweden | Randomized from registry | Mental ill health comorbidity | Community | All > 3 years ≤2011 (6.5%) 2012 (27.5%) 2013 (66.0%) | 0–9 years (40.2%), > 9 years without a university degree (21.0%), > 12 years with a university degree (38.7%) | 63.5% married, 31.8% unmarried, 4.8% divorced or widowed | N/A | M = 4.2 | N/A |
| von Haumeder et al., 2019 [36] | Mixed-methods, cross-sectional | Germany | Convenience | Trauma-related coping self-efficacy, resilience, and environmental factors as predictors of psychological adaptation and PTSD | Community | M = 23.7 months | 15.7% (n = 20), ≤ 8th grade, 17.3% (n = 22) 9th-11th grade, 15.0% (n = 19) high school graduate, 22% (n = 28) some college, 29.9% (n = 38) 4 years of college or more | 43.3% (n = 55) married and living together, 56.7% (n = 72), single/divorced/widowed/married but not living together | 15.7% (n = 20) employed, 16.5% (n = 21) homemaker, 33.1% (n = 42) student, 33.9% (n = 43) unemployed/disabled/retired | N/A | 31.9 (10.7) |
N/A not available, M mean, SD standard deviation