Thuroff 1991.

Methods	RCT. Placebo controlled, parallel design. Double‐blind. Masking of assessors not stated. Multicentre. Multinational (2).
Participants	169 male and female patients. Inclusion criteria: At least 15 years old with symptoms of frequency, urgency and/or incontinence. Cystometry findings related to either idiopathic (unstable detrusor) or neurogenic origins (detrusor hyperreflexia). Exclusion criteria: No drugs affecting lower urinary tract function to be taken. Antihypertensive medication allowed if regularly taken at consistent dosage. Minor tranquillizers allowed if taken for sleep only. Pregnancy, congestive heart failure, severe renal/liver disease, myasthenia gravis, unable to swallow/uncooperative patient, hiatal hernia/reflux oesophagitis, gastro. tract obstruction, urinary tract obstruction, residual >50ml, untreated UTI, hyperreflexia without urge, lower urinary tract pathological conditions.
Interventions	Group 1: oxybutynin 5mg tid (n=63) Group 2: propantheline 15mg tid (n=54) Group 3: placebo (n=52) 4 week treatment period. 1 week run‐in.
Outcomes	Urinary symptoms (VAS). Frequency of micturition. Urodynamic parameters. Urine analysis. Laboratory tests. Adverse events.
Notes	15 dropouts (Group 1: 4, Group 2: 6, Group 3: 5) No follow up. Company support declared.
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Allocation concealment?	Low risk	A ‐ Adequate