Table 1.

Alcohol and domestic violence.

Study	Objective	Method	Sample size	Findings	Country (where the data is from)
Kwagala et al. (2013)	The impact of women's empowerment and partners' behaviors on IPPV among married women in Uganda was investigated in this study.	Data from Uganda's 2011 Demographic and Health Survey were used. Cross tabulations (chi-square tests) and multivariate logistic regressions were employed.	1,307 women	Male partner habits, dominant behavior associated with perceived infidelity, and getting intoxicated are the factors that are specifically linked to Intimate Partner Physical Violence in Uganda.	Uganda
Kazzaz et al. (2019)	To look at the prevalence, risk factors, and effects of domestic violence in Saudi Arabia.	Systematic review utilizing PRISMA guidelines	–	Domestic abuse affects at least one out of every three women (DV). Low levels of education and alcohol/drug abuse appeared as a major risk factors associated with DV.	Saudi Arabia
Guclu and Can (2018)	In order to determine the frequency and risk factors of domestic violence in a multi-cultural region of Turkey, researchers conducted a study.	Cross-sectional study	602 women	Domestic violence has been shown to be highly influenced by alcohol use and race.	Turkey
Adjah and Agbemafle (2016)	To find characteristics that enhanced the likelihood of a domestic abuse incident as reported by Ghanaian women who had never married.	A multivariate logistic model was used to analyze data from the 2008 Ghana Demographic and Health Survey (GDHS), and risk factors were identified using the forward selection technique.	1,524 ever married women	A woman is found to be at a greater risk of domestic abuse in the following conditions—at her home, her husband's alcohol consumption, and her family history of violence. Women whose husbands drink alcohol are 2.5 times more likely to experience sexual violence than women whose husbands do not drink alcohol.	Ghana
Curtis et al. (2019)	To evaluate major differences between three types of violence: family violence, intimate partner violence (IPV), and other violence, as well as the association between alcohol use and FDV in the Australian community.	A stratified random sample strategy was used to conduct an online panel survey.	5,118 participants	In several cases of Family and Domestic Violence, especially Intimate Partner Violence, alcohol plays a prominent role. At IPV cases, drinking alcohol was linked to an increased risk of physical assault and injuries.	Australia
Maffli and Zumbrunn (2003)	To look at domestic violence incidents that have been reported to the police, with an emphasis on the drinking habits of those involved.	Interviews containing A standardized questionnaire were conducted with the police and victims	42 cases	Officers discovered that one or more of the people involved in the domestic violence act were intoxicated by alcohol in 40% of the 42 cases they examined (a minimum of 33% of the offenders and 10% of the victims).	Switzerland
Devries et al. (2014)	The purpose of this study was to look at the evidence of a link between IPV victimization and female alcohol use.	A systematic review and meta-analysis of Cross-sectional and longitudinal studies.	–	Evidently, a strong connection is seen between alcohol consumption and female victims of intimate partner physical or sexual assault.	Multiple – countries.
Semahegn et al. (2013)	To find out how often domestic violence is among married women of reproductive age in northwestern Ethiopia, as well as what factors predict it.	Community based cross-sectional study.	682 married women and 46 key informants	Domestic abuse was predominant, and the husband's alcohol intake, decision-making authority, annual household income, and becoming pregnant were all determinants or predicting factors.	Ethiopia
Ali et al. (2014)	To look at the prevalence of current (within the last year) domestic abuse and the socio-demographic variables that are linked to domestic violence against women.	Cross sectional household survey (in person interview). Multivariable analysis was done.	1,009 Women	Domestic violence was observed to be far more widespread in eastern Sudan, with the husband's alcohol intake being one of the strongest links to educational status and polygamy.	Sudan
Leite et al. (2019)	To investigate whether there's a link between intimate partner's socio-demographic and behavioral traits and their	Cross-sectional study. The Pearson c2 test was used for bivariate analysis, while Poisson regression with robust variance	938 women (20–59 years) in intimate relationship	Controlling men who drank alcoholic beverages were found to be more likely to commit psychological and physical abuse.	Brazil
	history of violence toward women.	was used for multivariate analysis.
Begum et al. (2015)	The incidence and determinants of domestic violence among women in Mumbai's urban slums were investigated in this study.	A community-based cross-sectional household survey of eligible women was conducted.	1,137 married women (18–39 years of age)	Domestic violence was prevalent in urban slums and husbands use of alcohol, early marriage, working status, justified wife beating were the factors significantly associated with domestic violence.	India
Indu et al. (2018)	To determine the prevalence of domestic violence in the wives of alcohol-dependent males who attended a tertiary care hospital in South Kerala's de-addiction center.	Cross-sectional study	60 Participants	The wives of alcoholic men were observed to be experiencing domestic violence and psychiatric morbidity at a higher rate.	India
Pewa et al. (2015)	The purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence of domestic violence and the influence it has on dental health.	Observational cross-sectional study	150 married women (18–60 years)	Alcoholism was the most important determinant for domestic abuse, complemented by the level of literacy and having a girl child.	India
Kaufmann et al. (2014)	To investigate if alcohol intake was considerably higher in the clinical sample of substance-abusing women prior to violent vs. peaceful relationship conflict episodes.	At the start of the trial, as well as at the 6-, 12-, and 18-month follow-ups, study participants gave data on drug use, individual and relationship functioning via interviews and questionnaires.	277 women (18–49 years)	For this clinical study of substance-abusing women, alcohol intake was substantially higher prior to aggressive than peaceful partnership dispute cases.	America
Livingston (2011)	Examining the domestic violence at the population level, with a specific focus on the longitudinal link between alcohol availability and domestic violence rates at the neighborhood level.	Cross-sectional time-series	Data was collected for 186 post-codes in Melbourne's metropolitan region (1996–2005)	Over time, the density of alcohol outlets was found to be strongly linked to rates of domestic abuse.	Australia
Smith et al. (2012)	This research looked into Intimate Partner Violence perpetration and victimization in the context of alcohol, cannabis, cocaine, and opioid use disorders.	The National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions, wave two (2004–2005), was used to evaluate the data. Logistic regression models were used to examine associations between drug use disorders and IPV while adjusting for significant variables and taking into consideration the survey's complicated design.	43,093 (civilian, non-institutionalized adult population in the United States)	Intimate partner abuse was frequently related to drug use disorders, with alcohol and cocaine use disorders being the most closely correlated with IPV offense.	America
Lewis et al. (2015)	The connection between emotional distress (depression, brooding, and negative affect), alcohol effects, and bidirectional intimate partner violence among lesbian women was investigated in this study.	Negative affect, Rumination, Depressive symptoms were measured.	414 lesbian women (18–35 years)	The self-medication theory states that lesbian women who are more emotionally distressed are more likely to indulge in drinking to cope and thus, exhibit alcohol abuse and related issues. These alcohol-related consequences were linked to bidirectional partner abuse.	America
Renzetti et al. (2018)	To look at how ambivalent sexism (hostile and benevolent sexism) affect the link between alcohol consumption and IPV perpetration.	Survey method was used and several scales were administered (demographic, ambivalent sexism scale, Collaborative Studies on Genetics and Alcoholism (COGA) Study, Severity of Violence Against Women Scale)	255 community-based men	Higher levels of alcohol intake and hostile sexism are both attributed to IPV perpetration, with sexual violence moderating the alcohol–IPV relationship for physical IPV but not for psychological IPV. Furthermore, for men with low levels of hostile sexism, excessive amount of alcohol intake has a greater effect on physical IPV perpetration than for men with high levels of hostile sexism.	America